爱上海419论坛-阿拉上海后花园419-夜上海最新论坛社区-上海品茶工作室

　　Immigration management police of Puma Jiangtang Border Police Station in Xizang Border Inspection Station are on patrol. Xinhua news agency

　　In the Putonghua training class of Wuying Miao Village, Dangjiu Village, Gandong Township, Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, the police of Liuzhou Traffic Police Detachment were explaining the knowledge of safe driving and riding. Xinhua news agency

　　[Endeavour, New Journey, New Era, Great Change]　　

　　"In 2021, the national people’s sense of security was 98.62%, which has remained at a high level in the past five years"; "Since 2018, a three-year special campaign to eliminate evils has destroyed 3,644 triad-related organizations and 11,675 criminal groups"; "In 2021, public security organs across the country cracked more than 441,000 cases of telecommunication network fraud, and recovered and returned 12 billion yuan of defrauded funds to the people" … …

　　"Safe China" has data to test and stories to tell. In China, a developing country with a population of more than 1.4 billion and a vast territory, peace has been settled in the usual years and reflected in thousands of lights. The international community generally believes that China is one of the safest countries in the world.

　　Nowadays, the connotation of "peace" is constantly enriched, and the people’s demand for safety includes not only good public security and low crime rate, but also clear network environment and superior business environment. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the level of socialization, rule of law, intelligence and specialization of social governance in China has been greatly improved, and the system and mechanism for building a safe China have been gradually improved and entered a broader world.

1. The concept of fairness and justice permeates the law enforcement process.

　　On April 5, residents of a closed management community in Shanghai gathered due to material problems.

　　"Anyone can make any comments. We are a society ruled by law, so we should make them in a reasonable and legal way … …” Zhou Yu, a community policeman from Bijiang Road Police Station of Minhang Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, persuaded the gathered residents in time. Law enforcement has achieved good results — — Mr. Chen, a resident, realized his own problems, expressed his support for community work on the spot and joined the volunteer team in the community.

　　This law enforcement video was praised by netizens as "textbook law enforcement". Over the years, "textbook law enforcement" has long gone out of police textbooks and appeared in the daily life of the masses.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the supreme leader’s thought of the rule of law, public security organs throughout the country have implemented the rule of law in an all-round way in the whole process of public security work and public security team building, strengthened the standardization of law enforcement, and constantly improved the level of the rule of law in public security work and the credibility of law enforcement. Law enforcement norms, moisten things silently into the vivid narrative of safe China construction, and change people’s living environment.

　　On duty, Qian Yiming, a policeman of the squadron of the traffic police brigade of Zhangjiagang City Public Security Bureau in Jiangsu Province, stopped an illegal vehicle. He opened the "Pocket Administrative Quick Cut" App, started an inquiry according to the content prompts, then generated a notice record, and then printed it with a portable printer. The whole illegal handling takes only 15 minutes.

　　"This App can handle 12 types of multiple illegal activities." Qian Yiming introduced, "Take the expired driver’s license as an example. Now the case is handled quickly and decided on the spot, and the owner can understand the situation, bear the consequences and receive education in the first time."

　　It is a beautiful vision of China ruled by law to make people feel fair and just in handling every case and everything. The team building a safe China is not satisfied with this, they have higher pursuits.

　　In Xiyingmen Police Station of Xiqing Branch of Tianjin Public Security Bureau, after the suspect entered the law enforcement case handling area, the police recorded all the information collection and interrogation transcripts of the suspect in real time into the police intelligence law enforcement case handling platform, avoiding human intervention and preventing law enforcement risks to the maximum extent.

　　"Since receiving the report, every step in the process of law enforcement has been in the ‘ Keep an eye on ’ Under it. " Xu Qinggang, captain of the patrol control team of Hongqiao Branch of Tianjin Public Security Bureau and Heyuan Police Station, said, "The police-intelligence law enforcement case-handling platform is like a pair of supervised ‘ Eyes ’ 。”

　　In August 2016, the General Offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the Opinions on Deepening the Standardization of Public Security Law Enforcement;

　　In May 2019, the National Public Security Work Conference was held, which put forward higher requirements for promoting strict, standardized, fair and civilized law enforcement;

　　In December 2019, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Opinions on Further Promoting Strict, Standardized, Fair and Civilized Law Enforcement … …

　　To make overall planning, but also to "embroider kung fu", since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee has made a series of major decisions and arrangements for comprehensively governing the country according to law, and public security organs across the country have solidly promoted the standardization of law enforcement.

　　So people see that the police are getting more and more accustomed to "enforcing the law under the camera." When the traffic police in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province checked the drunk driving at night and the suspect suspected of drunk driving wanted to find an acquaintance to "suppress things", the response was "it’s useless to call anyone".

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed at the central conference on comprehensively administering the country according to law that it is necessary to persist in building a high-quality rule of law work team with both ability and political integrity. In recent years, the Ministry of Public Security has organized the national public security legal departments to carry out legal knowledge competitions, business skills contests and other activities; Local public security organs have strengthened and improved law enforcement education and training in combination with the actual combat training of the whole police, and made efforts to improve the police’s rule of law literacy and law enforcement ability. Up to now, about 1.9 million police officers in public security organs nationwide have obtained basic law enforcement qualifications and 60,000 have obtained advanced law enforcement qualifications.

2. The foundation of social stability is rooted in grassroots governance.

　　Walking into the "Fengqiao Experience" exhibition hall in Fengqiao Town, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, visitors can appreciate the changes of grassroots social governance in an immersive experience. Since its birth, the "Fengqiao Experience" has been developing continuously in practice and has a richer connotation in the new era.

　　Not far away, Tianzhu Street is close to Fengqiao Farmers’ Market, and there are many shops and people on the street. People can often see members of the "Hongfeng vigilante" proclaiming Ai Mao walking around the streets, publicizing the knowledge of anti-theft and anti-fraud to merchants. Every summer, she will also appear on the Fengxi River to publicize the common sense of drowning prevention to the villagers.

　　In 2017, the Fengqiao Police Station of Zhuji City Public Security Bureau mobilized spontaneous social organizations, set up a "Hongfeng vigilante" team, and carried out group prevention and treatment and auxiliary policing activities. From a fire to the sky, the "Red Maple Police" spread all over the administrative villages of Fengqiao Town, attracting social forces to participate in social grassroots governance, and was called the "new police force" of Fengqiao by the masses.

　　Eliminate contradictions and problems in the bud and initial stage to the maximum extent, and make every effort to enhance people’s sense of acquisition, happiness and security. This is the expectation of "Fengqiao Experience" in the new era for building a safe China. In 2019, the establishment of "Fengqiao Public Security Police Station" was in full swing in public security organs across the country. At that time, 100 police stations were named as "Fengqiao-style police stations" nationwide, which became the learning pacesetter for the public security organs throughout the country to do a good job in grassroots social governance.

　　Today, the establishment of "Fengqiao-style police station" continues to advance. North and south of the river, online and offline, the "Maple Bridge Spirit" in the new era has become a beautiful "Maple" scenic line with dots and beads:

　　Baishijiang Police Station of Qilin Branch of Qujing Public Security Bureau of Yunnan Province set up a woodpecker voluntary patrol team to adjust the key time and frequency of patrol prevention and control in real time according to the police situation and solve the problems of the masses in time;

　　The Traffic Police Station of Economic Development Branch of Neijiang Public Security Bureau in Sichuan Province moved the police room into neighborhood committees and grid stations, equipped with full-time grid workers and "sweet city vigilantes", and mobilized village cadres and retired soldiers to form patrols to cross patrol and take turns to guard against the residents’ safety.

　　From management to governance, the masses have become the protagonists of grassroots social governance, and the foundation of a safe China has become more and more solid in the lives of the masses.

　　In Batou Police Station of lankao county Public Security Bureau, there is a grounded mediation room called "Reasoning Hall", which is a villagers’ council organized by the police station and composed of rural sages and party member people. In the mediation of daily contradictions and disputes, the reasonable hall integrates folk customs, traditional etiquette, etc., and realizes that "the contradictions and disputes that have occurred are no longer intensified, and the mediated contradictions are no longer repeated".

　　Many policemen have realized in practice that only by upholding the people first can grassroots social governance continuously meet the new demands of the people and respond to their new expectations. In 2021, police stations nationwide investigated and resolved 6.05 million contradictions and disputes, rectified and eliminated 3.88 million potential risks, and effectively safeguarded national political security and social peace and stability.

3. The guardians of Ping An China continue to expand their "circle of friends"

　　On April 29th, three Chinese law enforcement boats participating in the joint patrol and law enforcement operation of China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Mekong River returned to the dock in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, one after another, marking the successful conclusion of the 116th operation.

　　In the past 10 years, the law enforcement departments of China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand have sent more than 17,000 law enforcement personnel and carried out 116 joint patrols on the Mekong River. In the past 10 years, there has been no hijacking in this waterway, the cargo throughput of ports along the Yangtze River has quadrupled, the people in coastal villages live and work in peace and contentment, and the law enforcement departments of the four countries have set a new example of international law enforcement and security cooperation.

　　A safe China needs a safe surrounding environment and a peaceful and stable international environment. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the concept of building a community of human destiny, China, together with the peace-loving countries in the world, has made concerted efforts to jointly safeguard world peace and tranquility.

　　"China’s plan is to build a community of human destiny and achieve win-win sharing." In January 2017, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader issued the Voice of China at the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva. Under the banner of "cooperation, innovation, rule of law and win-win", China police have continuously expanded the breadth and depth of international law enforcement security cooperation, established and improved a pragmatic and efficient bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanism, and played an important role in serving economic and social development, coordinating with the overall situation of national diplomacy, and cracking down on transnational crimes.

　　The power to protect the peace of China has been recognized and supported by all countries in the world. Sino-Russian law enforcement security cooperation mechanism, China-Vietnam ministerial meeting on cooperation in combating crime, and China-Myanmar ministerial meeting on law enforcement security cooperation … … China police’s "circle of friends" is constantly expanding, and international law enforcement security cooperation has made remarkable achievements.

　　At present, the Ministry of Public Security has established close and pragmatic bilateral law enforcement cooperation mechanisms and contact hotlines with more than 110 countries, signed more than 400 documents on inter-governmental and inter-departmental law enforcement cooperation, and established an all-round, three-dimensional, multi-level and pragmatic international law enforcement security cooperation pattern through Interpol’s regular contact and case-handling cooperation with law enforcement departments of member countries, thus building a solid "firewall" for international security.

　　"Sleeping with gunshots and waking up with the smoke. Mosquito herpes can’t be beaten, and bullets and guns can’t be scared. " After more than 20 years of hurricane and rain, Chinese peacekeeping police have covered 11 mission areas on 4 continents and become the backbone of the United Nations peacekeeping police.

　　On July 28, 2021, more than 150 diplomats and representatives of international organizations in China visited the frontline units of Beijing public security. They gave this evaluation:

　　"In the era of globalization, in the face of challenges such as terrorism and transnational crime, all countries in the world need to unite. China has carried out fruitful work under the framework of the United Nations and contributed a very important force to world peace and security. "

Zheng Xue Fei Teng | Wen

After entering the year end, major express delivery companies have closed down one after another. For hands-chopping people, who is used to "shipping in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai" and "ordering immediately and delivering on the same day", the express delivery suddenly closed down, and life seems to be extremely inconvenient. If you want to buy something online, you have to wait for years before it can be delivered.

This inconvenience often makes people think, perhaps before the rise of express delivery, what kind of logistics system did our parents experience? Twenty years ago, what kind of material transfer did people need to go through to get their favorite items? Even further back, in ancient China, how did the ancients achieve efficient logistics?

The "Luhe Duyun Map" painted by Jiang Xuan, a painter in Qing Dynasty (partially), shows the grand occasion of Tongzhou water transport.

Reasonable organization of transportation

China’s ancient thought of "logistics" has a long history. Although the so-called "logistics" here is very different from today’s concept, literally, for the effective flow of "things", various governments have designed a series of systems.

Due to the great differences in scenery in different regions within the unified empire, as Sang Hongyang said in the Western Han Dynasty: "The bamboo of wuyue, the material of Sui and Tang Dynasties, cannot be used … while Zou, Lu, Zhou, Han, and Chenopodium are not unique, and the few are not unique." In order to balance the products in different regions of China, rich logistics means came into being.

In ancient Chinese, the logistics capacity was improved mainly from the aspects of transportation tools, checkpoint roads, transportation organization, transportation system and goods storage. The first two are easy to understand, and we mainly focus on them today.Transportation organization, system and storage.

The ancient people only had two modes of transportation: water transportation and land transportation. Among them, land transportation certainly existed, otherwise the golden sentence "Riding a princess in the world of mortals and laughing, no one knew it was litchi" could not be written. Different from this small and refined transportation, more often the transportation scale is extremely large, so it is necessary to carry the task by the caravan camel team that shuttles between mountains and rivers and deserts.

Generally speaking, water transport actually played a more important role in ancient times. Especially in the farming era, grain, as a very important resource, is often located in the capital and grain-producing areas.

A ride to the smoke and smoke billowing smile, no one knew that the south sent the fresh fruit of litchi.

In order to transport grain effectively, the ancients also designed a set of transportation organization, in which important strategies such as setting up warehouses along the river and transporting in sections were adopted. During the period of Tang Gaozong, when transporting grain to Chang ‘an, all localities had to cross the Huaihe River into the Yellow River via Bianshui, and finally arrived in Chang ‘an. However, the Yellow River is dangerous and difficult to sail, especially in Sanmenxia area. According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, in order to solve this problem, in the late Kaiyuan period, Prime Minister Pei Yaoqing changed direct transportation to feeder transportation, and set up river warehouses in various river sections. "The general principle of water runs with the proximity, and it is accommodated in the warehouse when it is impassable. It does not delay the ship far away, and it does not worry about long-term consumption, which is more than twice as beneficial as long-term transportation in the open year."

The scene of the Qing Dynasty post station exhibited in the Postal Museum.

Sectional transportation took place after the Anshi Rebellion. According to the different water potentials of the Canal, Huaihe River, Bianhe River, Yellow River and Weihe River, Prime Minister Liu Yan adopted different sizes of ships for sectional transportation. This situation is recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty: "River boats don’t enter the Bian River, Bian boats don’t enter the river, and river boats don’t enter the Weihe River; The transportation of the south of the Yangtze River accumulates in Yangzhou, the transportation of the Bianhe River accumulates in the shade of the river, the transportation of the river boat accumulates in Weikou, and the transportation of the boat into Taicang. At the age of one, 1.1 million stones were transferred, and no one was drowned. " At that time, in order to facilitate the loading and unloading during transshipment and salvage in the water, the goods were also changed to bags.

Oriental IC Data Map of Tongxing Escort Agency in Pingyao Ancient City

Transportation system

In addition to the effective organization of transportation behavior on the transportation distance, the ancient government was also very good at mobilizing private forces to join the transportation and formulating corresponding institutional measures to promote transportation. The system of each dynasty was complicated and varied, and it was often further improved on the experience of the previous generation.

In Salt and Iron Theory, it is recorded that Sang Hongyang’s "equal loss" system in the Western Han Dynasty, that is, all the tributes should have been sent to Beijing, and the central government sent equal loss officials to all the places. After checking the tributes that must be delivered, all the other tributes were sold at market prices. In this way, it not only eliminates the need for freight transportation, but also enables the government to earn profits from it, thus forming an effective government-run commercial network throughout the country.

Part of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. In ancient times, pack transportation was an important mode of transportation.

When Zhou Chen, a famous minister of Yongle Dynasty in Ming Dynasty, became the governor of Jiangnan, there were both military and pro-democracy movements when Jiangnan grain was transported to Beijing. The government set a certain amount of "rice consumption" in addition to the "rice consumption" (grain and rice levied to make up for transportation losses and expenses). Because rats and birds eat rice, float in the water and rot in the process of transportation, the losses often exceed the given amount of "rice consumption", which makes the burden of the people carrying husbands heavy.

To this end, Zhou Chen reformed the transportation system, replacing the original three grain chiefs and deputy grain chiefs from each township with one grain chief and one deputy grain chief to take turns to transport grain to Beijing. Further change the original separation of military transport and democracy movement into military-civilian exchange transport. Jiangnan rice was transported to Huai ‘an or Guazhou by the people’s movement, and then transported to Tongzhou by the army, thus reducing the consumption of rice in water transportation.

With the increase of population, demand and the development of water transport in the capital, there were also professional transport households and specialized transport intermediaries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which were called "tooth people". According to scholars’ research, in order to find reliable shippers to deliver goods, shippers at that time needed to be introduced by people, otherwise, it would be easy to steal goods and even steal them to escape. Tooth people act as middlemen for water transport professionals and shippers.

Goods storage

Efficient logistics, on the one hand, depends on the convenience of transportation, and on the other hand, it is inseparable from the nearby goods storage. "Nearby storage" has become another important part of China’s ancient logistics thought. It is worth noting that the so-called "warehouse" and "warehouse" have a special distinction. The warehouse is used for storing grain, while the warehouse keeps other materials.

In Mozi’s era, due to the consideration of war, the perennial accumulation in the city was emphasized. In Mozi Banner, there are "all the methods of guarding the city, stones have accumulated, firewood has accumulated, management has accumulated, reeds have accumulated, wood has accumulated, charcoal has accumulated, sand has accumulated, pines and cypresses have accumulated, Peng Ai has accumulated, hemp has accumulated, and gold and iron have accumulated."

This is in view of the preparations for the war in the city. Due to the status of the royal family and "just need", the initial storage was concentrated in the capital. Geng Shouchang, a senior farmer in the Western Han Dynasty, clearly opposed this arrangement. He suggested that "all the border counties should build warehouses" and opposed the grain storage being too concentrated in the capital and leading to the establishment of warehouses.

Founded in the 23rd year of Qianlong (1758), Jichang granary in Qing Dynasty in Xinjiang.

In Zi Zhi Tong Jian, there is also Emperor Yangdi’s idea that "it is better to accumulate in people than to have a treasury". By the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Bingzhong, a politician who laid the foundation for the Yuan system and today’s capital city of Beijing, put forward the idea that "it is better to take advantage of the near warehouse and lose" in view of the phenomenon that "grain is far away from the warehouse, and there is one waste of ten".

Looking at the warehouses scattered all over the country, we can also find that three principles were basically valued when building warehouses in ancient dynasties: convenient transportation, setting up nearby, and relying on mountains and rivers.

references

Su Kewu: China’s Ancient Logistics Thought (Historical Monthly, No.3, 1998).

Text | Ruiying

Fairy tales are a scenery that never fades in the film industry. Romantic innocence and wild fantasy are eternal themes in fairy tales. Gorgeous visual impact and wonderful adventure stories can add luster to the film. Alice in Wonderland is a representative fairy tale movie.

Donoff’s attention to narratology focuses on narrative time, form and style. Donoff believes that the characters in the novel are equivalent to the subject, their actions are equivalent to the predicate, and their actions and results are equivalent to the object. For example, the action predicate in the novel can be connected and transformed with the evolution of the plot. The transformation of predicate verbs makes the plot of the novel change from the original balance to imbalance, and then to a new balance, which will become a narrative transformation. This is Tonodov’s "imbalance-reconstruction" principle.

In the first part of the film, Alice’s engagement ceremony was in a state of balance, and it was not until Alice fell into a black hole that the plot was out of balance. The magical dream gives people a psychedelic and unreal feeling, which breaks the previous balance. Alice thought it was just her own dream. It was not until she was scratched by the giant bear that she realized that it was not a dream, but a real situation. This is an imbalance of the plot. Then Alice sneaked into the red queen’s castle to save the mad hat, seized the Woboer sword, fought against the monty, overthrew the tyranny of the red queen, and regained the kingship for White Queen. Finally, Alice returned to reality, chose her ideal lifestyle and rebuilt a new balance again.

one

Color in the Visual Modeling of Characters

The concept of film color contrast contrasts, expressing ugliness with bright colors and expressing justice with single color, which has played an unexpected irony effect. White Queen is dressed in white lace, including his own war horse, and the color of lipstick is really red and black. She speaks with blue fingers cocked up and got it, holding cream fingers with ease to do her own research and development of pharmaceuticals. This is a foreshadowing, paving the way for later explaining the mistakes made by White Queen’s selfishness as a child. The red queen has red hair, big head, short and dark red robes. In China, red symbolizes joy, happiness, luck and wealth, but in the west, red is blood and fire, symbolizing cruelty, disaster, danger and terror. Therefore, the red queen’s red just reflects her brutal rule and blood, but in fact, she has been longing for love all her life, lonely and sensitive, and her ugly appearance has cast an increasingly surly character. Her bones are simple and childish, so she has to hide her weakness with fierceness.

How terrible and hateful human nature is, that weakness is deeply hidden in everyone’s heart. The personified "time" is dressed in black, and the mechanized body and calm personality are integrated with each other. The crazy hat’s orange hair and Gothic smoky makeup highlight his warm, funny, cute and confused side. Blue is also repeated in the film. Different blues represent different meanings. The big ostrich in blue, the caterpillar, Mr. Rabbit, and the blue cat that has disappeared without a trace are all symbols of wisdom. The black color of Mr. Time is a mystery. Alice once said that time is ruthless, but black is unknown besides mystery. The warrior black around the red queen and a piece of red heart on her eyes are interesting.

Alice has blonde hair and is warm and soft. The characters in the film, especially the costumes, use a lot of China elements, which makes the audience feel more cordial. Alice wore a dress at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, wearing the same cloud shoulder and not caring about other people’s opinions. This shows Alice’s stubborn, rebellious, thoughtful and adventurous spirit. In the 19th century, the idea of Renaissance freedom was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, especially the temporary awakening of women. However, with the profoundness of China culture, especially the collocation of clothing colors, foreigners often add their own ways of understanding. Although Alice is an element of China from beginning to end, it is more like singing opera from color to whole. What resonates with China audiences is that Alice spends most of her time in the film wearing clothes with China elements.

two

Male-dominated society and female freedom

The profound meaning that the film wants to express is presented in the contrast between reality and dreams, so as to reflect Alice’s inner desire for entanglement and freedom and her depressed psychology bound by traditional ideas. The ambivalence in reality is released in dreams, so everything in fairyland is symbolized by metaphor.

Freud said that the subconscious will be expressed in the form of dreams through a condensed procedure. Alice’s self-anxiety turns into a pocket watch in the hands of rabbits, that is, a kind of urgency of time; The brother-in-law who secretly cheated turned into a red knight who betrayed the red queen; The exploding neck dragon symbolizes the oppression of women in the real society. The red queen is actually two contradictory sides of Alice’s heart, which can be seen from the same little gestures of the red queen, for example, her fingers keep shaking when she is nervous. White Queen’s hypocrisy and lies are obvious. She symbolizes Alice’s bound self in a society where women’s status is not high, and she seems elegant and dignified but does not obey her inner self. In fact, the Red Queen is as simple as a child. She just stopped at the night when she was hit on the head forever, so when she was unhappy, she would yell "Cut off his head!" " She symbolizes Alice’s inner resistance to this social reality, which is the undisguised original id. The embodiment of this subconscious in dreams represents Alice’s self-consciousness, that is, the awakening of feminist consciousness.

From the perspective of character positioning, we will find that the rulers of Wonderland are the Red Queen and White Queen, both women, but in reality, before Queen Victoria ascended the throne, the rulers were always men. At that time, under the social status of women, it was difficult for women to be recognized and respected, which was realized in dreams. In the dream, after Alice defeated the Jabberwocky Dragon, the Mad Hatter danced for her, but in reality, it was often women who danced to cater to men’s preferences. Alice in the dream had high hopes from beginning to end, and all her partners expected her to save the fairyland. In the end, Alice defeated the Javelin as expected. In the real world, the heroes who save the world are often men. Only men are required to learn knowledge and learn to fight, which is needed by society, while women are regarded as reproductive tools and cannot realize their self-worth.

Comparing reality with dreams from the perspective of plot, we will find that in the film, Alice found that her brother-in-law was having an affair with others, and her brother-in-law threatened Alice not to say anything about her sister’s happiness, so she had to keep silent. In the social environment at that time, women’s marriage was arranged by the family. The society believed that a woman’s greatest glory was to marry a "good" man with power and dignity. No matter whether her married life was happy or not, women should unconditionally tolerate her husband. In the dream, Alice’s feelings are not bound by rules and regulations. She and the mad hat appreciate and help each other, which is the truest emotion from her heart and Alice’s desire for freedom. Another plot that shows this sharp contrast is that Alice in reality dreams of becoming a navigator like her father, but Alice can’t realize her dream because of the pressure from relatives and friends around her and the constraints of women’s social status.

three

Women’s image breaking through the traditional model

Now, with the development of social economy and the improvement of cultural level, women’s thoughts are becoming more and more independent. They are no longer attached to men’s lives as they were in early China. Now women have their own independent thoughts. They advocate freedom, are brave and strong, and strive for their ideal life. Therefore, more and more films are praising feminism, which is a true reflection of the realistic system under the social system.

Alice in Wonderland is set in Britain in the 19th century, which shows the rise of feminism in a patriarchal society. Judging from the character setting, women are the main characters. The violent dictatorship of the Red Queen enjoys exclusive kingship, White Queen is dignified, generous, elegant and holy, and Alice is brave and fearless. In the film, when the Red and White Queens fought, a soldier should have gone to war for White Queen, but it was Alice who went to war in the male-dominated palace, which reflected Alice’s courage; When the bear monster’s eyes were injured, Alice took the initiative to give them back to the bear monster and influenced it, which also reflected Alice’s kindness. In real life, most women carefully abide by the current rules under feudal dogma. Women live a depressed life. They try to struggle and resist, but eventually they all succumb to discrimination and power. Only a few women dare to say no to this power. Their thoughts are more independent, and they dare to fight against evil forces to seek their true selves. Alice is one of them.

In recent years, feminist films have emerged in an endless stream. This kind of films still has great value in today’s open, democratic and rapidly developing society. It treats the differences between men and women in all aspects of social life with an idea of tending to equality, and expands the living space of women in the state of giving equality to men and women, improves their social status and makes more people pay attention to this vulnerable group. Many movies and TV plays with female themes not only need to show the female thoughts of the protagonists themselves, but also have a deep exploration of female self-awareness.

The issue of women is still a problem that needs to be discussed. Nowadays, the development of feminism in different regions is uneven, and the social status of women in some developing countries is still underground. Therefore, feminist theory still has great creative value in the future film market.

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Uncle Si Wei Du is the first vertical independent video expression platform in the film and television culture industry initiated by Tan Fei, drama critic Li Xingwen and screenwriters Wang Hailin, Song Fangjin and Shi Hang. Directors, producers, screenwriters, actors, brokers, commentators, producers, etc. who have personalities and opinions are welcome to come to speak, talk shows, or dialogues. The opinions need not be consistent, but they need to come from the heart. "Say" is responsible and conceited, and boxing is sincere.

　　BEIJING, Beijing, January 24 (Xinhua) Affected by strong cold air, a new round of large-scale rain and snow in the central and eastern regions kicked off. According to the weather forecast, it will enter the strongest snowfall period today and tomorrow, and there will be heavy snow in Shaanxi, Hubei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu.

　　In response to the blizzard weather, many notices of suspension of classes in kindergartens, primary and secondary schools were issued. The National Disaster Reduction Committee, the National Defense General, the Ministry of Agriculture and other departments have also made emergency arrangements to deal with the large-scale low-temperature rain, snow and freezing weather.

　　The "freezing" in the central and eastern regions continued to hit a new low this winter.

　　In the past few days, the central and eastern regions have suffered from a wide range of cold wave weather, and many places have continuously hit a new low this winter. According to the forecast of the Central Meteorological Observatory, the temperature will continue to be "diving" in the next few days.

　　From the night of the 23 rd to the 26 th, there are still 4 ~ 5 northerly winds in parts of the central and eastern regions, with gusts of 6 ~ 7; The temperature in Huanghuai and most parts of the south has dropped by 6 ~ 8℃, and the temperature drop in some areas can reach 10 ~ 12℃. The average daily temperature in most parts of central and eastern China is 2 ~ 5℃ lower than normal, and in some areas it is more than 6℃ lower.

　　During this period, the lowest temperature 0℃ line will be pressed south to the northeast of Jiangnan to the northeast of Guangxi and the south of Guizhou, and the -10℃ line is located in the eastern part of Huanghuai-the southern part of North China-the eastern part of Northwest China.

　　From 27th to 31st, due to the influence of supplementary cold air, the temperature in the central and eastern regions will drop from north to south, and will remain low.

　　According to the meteorological department, this will be the most extensive, longest-lasting and most serious freezing weather process in China since this winter.

　　A new round of blizzard is coming! Today and tomorrow are the strongest snowfall periods.

　　In addition to the great cooling, the "rain and snow" in this round of low-temperature rain, snow and freezing weather will show its power in the next few days.

　　According to the forecast, the strongest snowfall period is from the day of the 24th to the night of the 25th, and from 20: 00 on the 24th to 20: 00 on the 25th. There are blizzards in Shaanxi, Hubei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu, and the local snow can reach more than 40cm.

　　There are moderate to heavy snow or sleet in the southeastern part of the northwest, southwestern Shanxi, western and southern Huanghuai, Jianghan, Jianghuai, western and northeastern Jiangnan, among which there are blizzards in southeastern Shaanxi, southern Henan, most of Anhui, western Jiangsu and central and northern Hubei, and there are local blizzards.

　　From 20: 00 on the 25th to 20: 00 on the 26th, the snowfall area moved eastward, and the intensity was slightly weakened. There are moderate to heavy snow and local snowstorms in southern and eastern Hubei, south-central Anhui, southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang.

　　Reporter Zhong Xinshe

　　Deploy in many places to deal with blizzard weather: kindergartens, primary and secondary schools are closed

　　It is worth mentioning that some of the above-mentioned areas that will be swept by snowstorms have already experienced a round of heavy snowfall at the beginning of this month. When the blizzard comes again, many places have also deployed prevention and response work in advance.

　　In Anhui, the office of Anhui Disaster Reduction and Relief Committee issued an urgent notice, requiring all localities to investigate various hidden dangers, and people in dangerous areas should be transferred in advance and properly resettled.

　　The education departments of Huangshan, Hefei, Chizhou and other cities in Anhui announced that from January 24 to 28, schools, kindergartens and rural high schools in the compulsory education stage in the city were suspended, and the final exams were suspended.

　　In Jiangsu, Suzhou Education Bureau informed all primary and secondary schools (kindergartens) in the city to suspend classes on the 25th and 26th. Wuxi Education Bureau informed all primary and secondary schools (including vocational schools) and kindergartens in the city to suspend classes for two days on 25th and 26th, and the final examination time for primary and secondary schools was arranged on January 29th-30th.

　　In Hubei, the official of the Emergency Office of Wuhan Municipal Government issued a message, asking all levels of government departments and relevant enterprises and institutions to properly purchase and reserve some snow melting agents, brooms, shovels and other snow removal materials and tools to prepare for snow melting and sweeping.

　　Multi-sector emergency deployment to minimize disaster losses

　　A few days ago, the office of the National Disaster Reduction Committee issued an urgent notice in response to the freezing weather with the widest range, the longest duration and the most serious impact after winter.

　　The National Disaster Reduction Committee requires that all localities should take effective measures, co-ordinate resources of all parties, focus on solving practical difficulties caused by disastrous weather to people’s production and life, do a good job in disaster prevention, mitigation and relief, ensure the safety of people’s lives and property, and minimize disaster losses.

　　In addition, the National Defense General issued a notice to the flood control and drought relief headquarters of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Shaanxi and other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and the flood control and drought relief headquarters of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Pearl River and Taihu Lake on the 22nd, urging all localities to effectively strengthen emergency duty and consultation analysis, closely monitor changes in freezing rain and snow, strengthen monitoring, forecasting and early warning, and implement various preventive measures in advance.

　　In view of the impact of low temperature, rain, snow and freezing weather on agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture has also urgently deployed prevention and response work, requiring agricultural departments at all levels to consciously take prevention of low temperature, rain, snow and freezing disasters as an urgent task at present.

　　The Ministry of Agriculture requires that all localities should thoroughly analyze the impact of low temperature, rain and snow weather on the supply of agricultural products, pay close attention to market trends, release supply and demand information in a timely manner, guide farmers to harvest mature agricultural products in a timely manner, and strive to increase the market supply. (End)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Kunming, November 19th (Reporter Lin Bifeng, Ceng Wei) The China Seismological Network officially determined that at 1: 27 on November 19th, an earthquake of magnitude 5.0 occurred in Honghe County, Yunnan Province, with a focal depth of 8 kilometers. According to the Propaganda Department of Honghe County Committee, when the earthquake felt strong, no reports of casualties have been received yet, and all towns and villages and fire rescue departments are organizing disaster investigation.

　　According to the person in charge of the Propaganda Department of Honghe County Committee, Honghe County has a strong sense of earthquake. At present, no casualties have been received. All towns and villages are organizing disaster investigation, and local fire rescue departments have rushed to the epicenter area to organize disaster investigation.

　　The reporter learned from the Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province that the Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province is urgently organizing consultation and judgment to further collect the disaster situation. According to China Seismological Network, the focal depth of the earthquake is 8 kilometers, the epicenter is located at 23.37 degrees north latitude and 102.26 degrees east longitude, and the epicenter is 16 kilometers away from Honghe County and 192 kilometers away from Kunming City.

Beijing, March 15 (Xinhua) According to the US "World News" report, how high is the price of the "American Dream"? Is it the equivalent of four full years’ salary, the fear of drifting at sea for a year and a half, or the loneliness of never seeing my hometown again? For many Chinese stowaways, the answer is probably "all of the above".

Dr. Wei-chun Vivi Hua, a Chinese psychologist in the United States who studies Chinese illegal immigrants, has interviewed many Chinese illegal immigrants who suffered psychological damage during the process of illegal immigration, and learned many secrets about illegal immigration from many interviewees.

Many Chinese smuggled into the United States not to get a fake passport and get on a plane and go directly to the United States, but to go through several countries to escape tracing and finally to the United States.

On the way to smuggling, every time the snakehead goes to a country, he will change a passport and identity for each stowaway, and destroy the passport used in the last trip. It takes time to prepare fake passports, and illegal immigrants usually have to stay for three to four months in the countries they pass through. The average duration of the whole smuggling is one to two years. The last stop before entering the United States is often Mexico.

Paul Beeson, captain of the border patrol of the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in San Diego, pointed out that illegal immigrants brought into the United States by Mexican snakeheads are found in all countries. They may cross the border on foot or sneak ashore from the high seas by boat.

Hua Weichun recounted an interviewee’s self-report, who was led by a Mexican snakehead during the smuggling and scurried in the border desert. At that time, it was winter. In order to reduce luggage, snakeheads were not allowed to bring warm clothes, and they had to wade barefoot when encountering streams, and they were so cold that they quickly went into shock. Halfway through, I met the border patrol search, and the group hurried back to Mexico. After walking around the clock for almost a week, someone sprained his foot and was thrown into the desert by the snakehead. "I don’t think I can live."

The risk of being caught smuggling by sea is less, but the life risk is just as great. Hua Weichun quoted the interviewee as saying that there were more than 20 people in the boat, carrying more than a dozen barrels of gasoline, and the sanitation was poor. The smugglers also restricted the illegal immigrants from drinking water, and many people fell ill.

Jerome Conlin, spokesman of the San Diego Border Patrol, pointed out that Mexican snakeheads charge foreign customers, that is, non-Mexican illegal immigrants. At present, the market is: 20,000 US dollars for land smuggling and 50,000 US dollars for land smuggling, and the highest charge may reach 90,000 US dollars.

Smuggling is expensive. After arriving in the United States, every penny earned by illegal immigrants in at least the first four years has to be used to pay off debts, and it may be unclear for more than ten years. Among the interviewees of Hua Weichun, there were people who hanged themselves because of the pressure of debt. Hua Weichun pointed out that Chinese, who sneaked into the United States, was mostly around the age of 20, and often carried the expectations of the whole family.

One of Hua Weichun’s interviewees sneaked into the United States 17 years ago. Because she has been unable to return to China since she went to the United States, she has always been alone, and I am afraid she will never see her hometown again. (I have heard more)

Editor’s note: There is only one flight between civilization and virus. A dangerous virus from the tropical rain forest can fly to any city on earth within 24 hours. Air routes connect all cities in the world to form a network. Ebola has entered the network and started to travel around the world. This article is taken from Blood Epidemic and serialized in three times.　 　 　　

January 15th, 1980

Nurses and paramedics came running with a gurney, lifted Charles Monet onto the gurney and pushed him into the intensive care unit of Nairobi Hospital. The announcement of calling the doctor sounded on the radio: there was a patient bleeding in ICU. A young doctor named Shem Musoke rushed to the scene. Dr. Musoke is recognized as the best physician in the hospital. He is energetic, enthusiastic and humorous. He often works for many hours in succession and has a good intuition about emergency treatment. He saw Monet lying on the gurney. He didn’t know what happened to the man, only that the patient was obviously bleeding heavily. There is no time to study the cause of bleeding. The patient has difficulty breathing-then stops: blood is inhaled into the lungs, causing respiratory arrest.

Dr Musoke felt his pulse: the heartbeat was weak and weak. The nurse ran to get a laryngoscope, which is a catheter that can be used to clear the patient’s trachea. Dr. Musoke tore off Monet’s shirt and observed the ups and downs of his chest. He stood at the top of the gurney, bent over Monet’s face and looked Monet’s eyes upside down.

Monet’s red eyes looked at Dr. Musoke, but his eyes were still and his pupils were dilated. Brain injury: loss of consciousness. His nose and mouth are covered with blood. Dr. Musoke lifted the patient’s head backward, opened the tracheal opening, and inserted the laryngoscope. He didn’t wear rubber gloves. He swept his finger around the patient’s tongue to clean up dead cells, mucus and blood. Slippery black blood clots stained his hands. The patient smelled of vomit and blood, but it was not unusual for Dr. Musoke, who concentrated on his work. He lowered his head, and his face was only a few inches away from Monet’s face. He looked into Monet’s mouth to locate the laryngoscope. The laryngoscope slid over Monet’s tongue. He pushed it open and looked at the trachea at the back of epiglottis. This black hole leads to the lungs. He inserted the laryngoscope into the hole and looked close to the eyepiece. Monet suddenly shook and lifted his body.

Monet vomited again.

Black vomit poured through the laryngoscope and gushed out of Monet’s mouth. Black and red liquid splashed into the air and fell on Dr. Musoke. The liquid got into his eyes and spilled on the white uniform and his chest, leaving several red mucus mixed with black patches. The liquid fell into his mouth.

The doctor straightened the patient’s head and cleaned the blood in his mouth with his fingers. Blood stained the doctor’s hands, wrists and forearms. Blood stains are everywhere: on the gurney, on the doctor’s body and on the ground. The nurses in the intensive care unit couldn’t believe their eyes. Dr Musoke looked down the trachea and inserted the laryngoscope deeper into the lungs. He saw bleeding in the trachea.

It seems that the patient went into shock due to blood loss. He lost so much blood that he began to dehydrate. Blood gushed out from every hole in the body. The blood left in the body is not enough to maintain circulation, so the heartbeat is so weak and the blood pressure is almost dropped to zero. He needs a blood transfusion.

The nurse brought a bag of whole blood. Dr Musoke hung the blood bag on the drip stand, picked up the needle and inserted it into the patient’s arm. There seems to be something wrong with the patient’s blood vessels; Blood poured out around the needle. Dr Musoke tried again, inserting the needle into another position of the patient’s arm and sticking it into the blood vessel. Failure. Still bleeding like a spring. No matter where he sticks the needle into the patient’s arm, the blood vessels will burst like cooked macaroni and blood will gush out; Blood emerges from the pinhole in the patient’s arm and cannot be coagulated. There is obviously something wrong with his blood. Dr. Musoke gave up the idea of blood transfusion because he was afraid that the patient would bleed to death because of the pinhole in his arm. The patient’s internal organs are still bleeding and black as asphalt.

Monet fell into a deeper coma and never regained consciousness. The next morning, he died in the intensive care unit. Dr. Musoke is always at the bedside.

Nobody knows what killed him. Cause of death is unknown. The doctor dissected the body and found that the kidney had been damaged, as had the liver. The liver is yellow and even liquefied in some places-just like the liver of a dead body; As if Monet had turned into a corpse before he died. Mucosal decay, that is, the shedding of intestinal wall tissue, is also common in Fang Chen’s corpse a few days later. What was the cause of death? I can’t say clearly, because there are too many possibilities. Everything in the patient’s body is not right, it is really "everything", and any one of them is fatal: blood clot, massive internal bleeding, liver turning into paste, intestines filled with blood. No words, classifications or even words can describe what happened to him. Doctors finally called it "explosive liver failure". His body was put into a waterproof bag-according to a client’s description, it was buried locally. Many years later, when I visited Nairobi, no one remembered where the grave was.

January 24th, 1980

The patient’s vomit splashed into Dr. Shem Musoke’s eyes and mouth. After nine days, his back gradually felt sore. He doesn’t know much about back pain-to be honest, he has never experienced severe back pain-but after all, he is nearly 30 years old and feels that he is approaching the age of low back injury. He has worked very hard in the past few weeks. First, he stayed with a patient with heart problems all night, and the next day he stayed with a bleeding patient from somewhere inland for nearly one night. So he didn’t sleep for several days. He didn’t take vomiting to heart, and the pain gradually spread all over his body, but he still didn’t think much. Then, when he looked in the mirror, he found his eyes turned red.

Eyeball turns red: he suspects that he is infected with malaria. At this time, he began to have a fever, so he must be infected with something. The back pain continues to spread, and the muscles all over the body ache badly. He took antimalarial drugs, but it was useless, so he asked the nurse to inject him with antimalarial drugs.

The nurse gave him an intramuscular injection in his arm. The pain of acupuncture is extremely severe. He has never felt such terrible pain because of a mere needle; This situation is abnormal and deserves attention. He began to wonder why an ordinary injection could bring that level of pain. Next, his abdomen began to ache. He suspected that he was infected with typhoid fever, so he took a course of antibiotics, but his condition did not ease. On the other hand, patients need him, so he is still busy in the hospital. The pain in the stomach and muscles became more and more unbearable, and he began to have jaundice.

The pain made him unable to treat himself, and his work had to be put down temporarily. He went to see Antonia Bagshaw, a physician in Nairobi Hospital. She finished the examination for him and confirmed fever, red eyes, jaundice and abdominal pain, but she couldn’t get a clear conclusion, only suspected that he had gallstones or liver abscess. Acute attack of gallstones or liver abscess can cause fever, jaundice and abdominal pain (but it can’t explain the redness of the eyeball). The doctor gave his liver an ultrasound examination. It can be seen from the imaging that the liver is a little swollen, but there is nothing unusual other than that. At this time, Musoke was seriously ill. The doctor put him in a private ward, and the nurses took turns to look after him 24 hours a day. His face became expressionless.

Acute attack of gallstones can be fatal. Dr. Bagshaw suggested an exploratory operation on Dr. Musoke. A team of surgeons led by Dr. imre loffler opened his body in the main operating room of Nairobi Hospital. The incision was located above the liver, and the doctor pulled open the abdominal muscles. The strange sight seen in Musoke was shocking, and no one could explain it: the liver was swollen and red, showing pathological symptoms, but the doctor could not find the symptoms of gallstones. On the other hand, he was bleeding. Surgery will definitely cut off blood vessels, and the cut blood vessels will bleed for a while and then coagulate; If the bleeding does not stop, the doctor will use a gelatin sponge to stop the bleeding. Musoke’s blood vessels kept bleeding: his blood couldn’t clot, as if he had hemophilia. The doctor put a gelatin sponge on his whole liver, but the blood continued to ooze. The doctor had to suck a lot of blood from the incision, but after cleaning it up, the blood would fill the incision again. Just like digging a hole under the waterline, the speed of water accumulation is as fast as drainage. A surgeon later told others that the surgical team was "soaked in blood". They cut a small piece from the liver for biopsy, soaked the tissue in a fixed solution, and sewed up the incision as quickly as possible.

After the operation, his condition deteriorated rapidly and his kidneys began to fail. He seems to be dying. His doctor Antonia Bagshaw happened to be going abroad, and a doctor named David Silverstein took over. Dr. Musoke may suffer from renal failure, and he can only live on dialysis, which gives the hospital an unusual color: colleagues love him very much and absolutely don’t want to lose this partner. Silverstein suspected that Dr. Musoke was infected with some rare virus. He collected blood samples from patients and extracted serum. Serum is a transparent golden yellow liquid, which can be obtained by removing red blood cells from blood. He submitted several test tubes of frozen serum to major laboratories for testing, including the National Institute of Virology in Sandringham, South Africa, and the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He began to wait for the result.

This article is excerpted from "Blood Epidemic" by [America] Richard Preston, published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House, translated by Yao Xianghui, published in March, 2016.

　

In the autumn of 1347, the twilight of Europe shone on the sparkling sea, and merchant ships slowly sailed into the port of Messina in Sicily, Italy. These ships from Genoa not only brought precious goods from the East, but also mysterious exotic customs and wealth, which disturbed the tranquility of Europe in the Middle Ages under the impetus of sea breeze. People are busy exchanging goods in the port, enjoying the prosperity and joy brought by business, but no one expected that the shadow of death had quietly come.

The source of the plague is those rats in groups in the cabin. They carry the deadly Yersinia pestis and quietly penetrate into every corner of the port. All these disasters originated from the battlefield in Mongolia. At that time, when the Mongolian army besieged Kafa City, it threw the infected bodies into the city and infected the residents in the city. With the footsteps of businessmen and rats, the plague spread from the Middle East to Europe.

The port of Messina became the first battlefield of the Black Death. With the continuous navigation of merchant ships, the plague spread like wildfire and swept across Italy. It mercilessly took countless lives, turned the vibrant and lively city into a dead ruin, and the laughter of the past was replaced by the silence of death.

Boccaccio, a great literary master at that time, vividly described the horror brought by this disaster in decameron. On the street, people suddenly fell down, and the bodies at home rotted, giving off a stench, until the neighbors noticed that death was coming quietly. Piles of bodies were transported to the church, and the cemetery could no longer accommodate them. The citizens had to dig huge potholes outside the city and bury the bodies in batches.

Under the shadow of this death, people’s hearts are full of helplessness and fear. Many people tried to escape from this disaster, eager to escape the shadow of death. However, the flight of most people only made the spread of the plague more rapid. The Catholic Church sternly appealed to believers not to escape, but in endless despair, people began to look for various ways to survive.

A heretical belief called "whipping school" came into being at this time. Believers beat themselves with whips, trying to redeem their sins in this extreme way and praying for God’s forgiveness. However, neither escape, prayer nor self-punishment can stop the pace of death, and the Black Death is still raging.

The plague has reduced Italy’s population by more than one third, and the death rate in the worst-hit areas is as high as 35% to 40%. This unprecedented disaster immersed Italy in deep sorrow and despair, but it also promoted the process of history. Under the heavy pressure of death, people began to reflect and think.

This disaster has revealed the importance of medicine and knowledge. In response to this epidemic, in April 1348, Florence City Council set up an epidemic prevention committee and began to implement the isolation system. The government issues health certificates to uninfected people and severely punishes those who violate the isolation regulations. Although this measure failed to completely eradicate the plague, it provided valuable experience for future generations’ epidemic prevention work, and the isolation and quarantine system gradually became one of the important methods to deal with the epidemic.

At the same time, the spread of the Black Death broke the shackles of medieval theology on people’s thoughts. People began to reflect on blind worship and superstition, and longed for the power of reason and knowledge. The theological concept of anti-intelligence is pale and powerless in the face of the horror of plague. People began to tend to explore science and rationality, and the seeds of the Renaissance quietly took root in this longing, and gradually blossomed with the passage of time.

Such as Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and other great artists and scientists, their wisdom and talent have opened a new chapter in human history. Italy, a land that was hit hard by the Black Death, eventually became the cradle of the Renaissance, which deeply influenced the history and culture of Europe as a whole. It is against this background of pain and despair that the Italians found the spark of hope, lit the glory of civilization, once again lit up the whole of Europe and pushed the wheel of history forward.

　　A few days ago, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Standards Committee jointly issued the Guidelines for the Construction of National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System (General Requirements), the Guidelines for the Construction of National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System (Information Communication) and the Guidelines for the Construction of National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System (Electronic Products and Services) (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines). In order to better understand and implement the Guide and facilitate the whole industry system to understand this work, the relevant person in charge of the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology interpreted it.

　　Q: What are the considerations behind the publication of the Guide?

　　A: The car networking industry is a new industrial form that relies on information and communication technology to provide comprehensive information services through all-round connection and data interaction between cars, cars and cars, cars and roads, cars and people, and cars and service platforms, forming a deep integration of automobile, electronics, information communication, road transportation and other industries. It is a global innovation hotspot and a commanding height for future development. Vigorously developing the Internet of Vehicles is conducive to the innovative development of the automobile industry, building a new model and format of automobile and transportation services, promoting the development of assisted driving and autonomous driving, improving traffic efficiency, reducing accident rates, saving resources, reducing pollution and further liberating productivity.

　　In recent years, China’s car networking industry has developed rapidly, and the innovation of key technologies has been accelerating. The construction of test and demonstration areas has achieved initial results, and an integrated innovation ecosystem has taken shape, involving the development of many industries such as automobiles, information and communication, and digital transformation in transportation, vehicle management and other fields. In order to achieve full cooperation and strengthen coordination, it is urgent to establish a cross-industry and cross-field standard system that meets the needs of China’s technology and industrial development. To this end, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology organized the compilation and jointly issued the "Guide" with the National Standardization Administration Committee to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the car networking industry and accelerate the development of new technologies and services such as autonomous driving by strengthening standardization.

　　Q: How is the overall structure of the Guide considered?

　　A: Under the framework of national laws, policies and strategic requirements, we should make full use of and integrate the foundations and achievements of various fields and departments in the research field of vehicle networking standards, mobilize all industries to work together to jointly formulate the vehicle networking industry standard system.

　　According to the standardization subject and industry attributes, the Guide is divided into general requirements, intelligent networked vehicles, information and communication, electronic products and services. Among them:

　　The general requirements are the first part of the Guide and the top-level design part of the whole Guide. Mainly put forward the overall standard system structure and construction content of the car networking industry, guide the overall standardization work of the car networking industry, and promote the gradual formation of a unified and coordinated national car networking industry standard system structure.

　　The intelligent networked automobile standard system mainly defines the basic directions such as definition and classification, the general specification directions such as man-machine interface, functional safety and evaluation, and the standard directions related to product and technology applications such as environmental awareness, decision-making early warning, auxiliary control, automatic control and information interaction. According to the construction method of combining the technical logical structure and product physical structure of intelligent networked vehicles, the standard system framework of intelligent networked vehicles is defined as four parts: foundation, general specification, product and technical application, and related standards. At the same time, according to the commonness and difference of each specific standard in content scope and technical level, the four parts are further subdivided to form a subclass with complete content, reasonable structure and clear boundaries.

　　The information and communication standard system is mainly designed for the information and communication technology, network and equipment, and application services of the vehicle networking, and focuses on the research of next-generation information and communication technologies such as LTE-V2X and 5G eV2X, so as to support the related standardization requirements and key directions of the development of the vehicle networking applications. The key standards related to information communication in the vehicle networking industry are divided into three levels: perception layer (end), network layer (tube) and application layer (cloud). Supported by common basic technology and information communication security technology, the architecture is divided according to the way of "end-tube-cloud".

　　The standard system of electronic products and services mainly aims at the standardization of automotive electronic products, vehicle information systems, vehicle information services and platforms that support the industrial chain of vehicle networking, and defines the standardization development direction of vehicle networking electronic products and vehicle information services. Electronic products and services of vehicle networking include basic products, terminals, networks, platforms and services, etc. Through the basic products and terminals, intelligent information of vehicles can be collected and obtained, and driving status and environment can be perceived and processed, so as to realize vehicle information services such as traffic information, navigation service, entertainment information, safe driving, online commerce, emission information and remote control.

　　In the future, the standard system will be dynamically updated, and with the maturity of each part and the needs of the industry, it will be revised, improved and supplemented in time.

　　Q: What process did the Guide go through?

　　A: At the end of 2016, the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with the Equipment Industry Department, the Electronic Information Department, the Information and Software Services Department, the Information and Communication Development Department, the Information and Communication Administration, the Network Security Administration, the Radio Administration and other relevant departments, organized standardization organizations such as china communications standards association, China Electronics Industry Standardization Technical Association and the National Automobile Standardization Technical Committee, as well as domestic experts in the fields of automobiles, electronics, information, communication, Internet, public security and transportation.

　　The Guide is divided into general requirements, intelligent networked vehicles, information and communication, electronic products and services, among which the intelligent networked vehicles part was issued at the end of 2017. After many expert discussions, soliciting opinions from departments and departments within the Ministry and relevant departments, and publicly soliciting opinions from the society, the general requirements, information and communication, and electronic products and services were officially issued in June 2018.

　　Q: What role will the Guide play?

　　A: The Guide will give full play to the top-level design and foundation leading role of standards in the construction of the ecological environment of the car networking industry, accelerate the research and formulation of common foundations, key technologies and urgently needed standards in the industry, and step up the development of standards related to autonomous driving and assisted driving, key technical standards for in-vehicle electronic products, key technical standards for wireless communication, and key technical standards such as LTE-V2X and 5G eV2X for car networking industry applications. Gradually build a cross-industry, cross-field, national car networking industry standard system that meets the needs of China’s technology and industrial development, meet the development needs of industries such as research and development, testing, demonstration and operation, provide support for building an open and collaborative car networking industry with core technologies, and lay a solid foundation for the development of autonomous driving.

　　Q: What will be the next step?

　　A: In the next step, together with relevant departments, we will continue to play the role of the special committee for the development of the car networking industry, which is composed of 20 departments and units including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Transport, and work together to solve problems in policies, regulations, technical standards, infrastructure and management systems, strengthen the regulation and guidance of industrial development, and create an environment conducive to industrial development. Efforts will be made to break through key technologies such as advanced sensors, on-board operating systems and middleware, on-board intelligent processing platforms and automotive chips, strengthen the coverage and application of LTE-V2X wireless communication technology, accelerate the informationization and interface transformation of road infrastructure such as signal lights and traffic signs, accelerate the establishment of an industrial system of vehicle networking, promote the development of autonomous driving, and foster new kinetic energy for economic development.

In 2019, the Central Rural Work Conference, the No.1 Document of the Central Committee and the spirit of the National "Two Sessions" will be implemented, and the structural reform of the agricultural supply side will be further promoted around the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The state will continue to increase investment in supporting agriculture, strengthen overall planning and integration of projects, and accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. In order to facilitate the broad masses of farmers and all sectors of society to understand the national policy of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers and give play to the role of policy guidance, the key agricultural support policies implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the Ministry of Finance in 2019 are hereby released as follows.

I. Development and circulation of agricultural production

1. Cultivated land fertility protection subsidies. In principle, the subsidy object is farmers who have the right to contract cultivated land. Subsidy funds are directly paid to households through the form of "one card (discount)". All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) continue to determine the subsidy object, subsidy method and subsidy standard in accordance with the requirements of the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture on Comprehensively Pushing Forward the Reform of "Three Subsidies" in Agriculture (Cai Nong [2016] No.26) and in combination with local conditions, so as to maintain the continuity and stability of policies and ensure the direct benefit of farmers. Encourage all localities to innovate ways and means, take green ecology as the guide, explore the mechanism of linking subsidy distribution with the implementation of farmland protection responsibility, and guide farmers to consciously improve farmland fertility.

2. Agricultural machinery purchase subsidies. Provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) shall select and determine the items of subsidized machines and tools in the province within the category of subsidized machines and tools purchased by the central government, and the machines and tools within the scope of subsidies shall be supplemented, giving priority to ensuring the subsidies for machines and tools needed for the production of major agricultural products such as grain and supporting the green development of agriculture, and increasing the items of machines and tools for the resource utilization of livestock manure. Treat the purchase of agricultural machinery products at home and abroad equally. The amount of subsidy is calculated according to the average market sales price of the same product in the previous year, and the calculation ratio is not more than 30% in principle.

3. Advantages and characteristics lead the development of industries. Focusing on the leading industries with regional advantages and characteristics, we will focus on developing a number of small but sophisticated characteristic industrial clusters, and demonstrate and guide the development of one village, one product, one town, one specialty and one county. Select 200 geographical indication agricultural products with distinctive geographical characteristics, development potential and high market recognition to carry out protection and promotion. We will implement green recycling, high-quality and high-efficiency agricultural promotion projects, and form a number of agricultural industrial clusters based on the industrial chain of production, processing, circulation and sales of green and high-quality agricultural products, integrating scientific and technological innovation, leisure and sightseeing, and planting and breeding. The relevant provinces that undertake the task will make overall arrangements to support them from the budget issued by the central government.

4. National Modern Agricultural Industrial Park. Based on advantageous and characteristic industries, we will build a modern agricultural industrial cluster with large-scale planting and breeding bases as the support, leading industrialized enterprises as the driving force, modern production factors as the gathering, and "production+processing+technology". In 2019, we will continue to create a number of national modern agricultural industrial parks, select a number of national modern agricultural industrial parks, and strive to improve the infrastructure conditions of industrial parks and enhance public service capabilities. The provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) are responsible for the creation work, and the central government will arrange part of the subsidy funds that meet the conditions for creation, and then arrange part of the bonus funds according to the situation after being recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the Ministry of Finance.

5. Demonstration of agricultural industry strengthening the town. Take the villages and towns with active local economy and obvious rural industrial characteristics as the carrier, take industrial integration and development as the path, cultivate local economy and rural industries, standardize and expand the main body of production and operation, innovate the mechanism of farmers’ interest connection and sharing, and build a number of strong agricultural towns with prosperous industries, economic prosperity, green beauty and livable industries. The central government supports it by arranging bonus funds.

6. Information enters villages and households to promote demonstrations throughout the province. In 2019, seven provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) including Tianjin, Hebei, Fujian, Shandong, Hunan, Guangxi and Yunnan were supported to carry out demonstrations. Accelerate the construction and operation of Yi Nong Information Society, and build and repair the "information superhighway" covering rural areas, based on agriculture and serving farmers as soon as possible. Information into the village to take market-oriented construction and operation, the central government to give a one-time award.

7. Dairy industry revitalization action. Focus on supporting the development of high-quality forage planting, family pastures and dairy cooperatives that restrict the development of dairy industry. Accelerate the development of grass and animal husbandry, actively promote grain to feed, vigorously develop the production of high-quality forage materials such as alfalfa, silage corn and oatmeal, and promote the increase of fresh milk output and quality improvement. Incorporate dairy farmers’ development of family farms and dairy cooperatives into the cultivation project of new business entities for priority support and support the construction of high-quality milk source bases. The relevant provinces that undertake the task will make overall arrangements to support them from the budget issued by the central government.

8. Promotion of improved livestock breeds. In eight major grassland and pastoral provinces, such as Inner Mongolia and Sichuan, subsidies will be given to beef cattle farms (communities and households) that use improved semen to carry out artificial insemination in the project area, as well as farmers who can breed ewes and yaks and cows. Encourage and support the popularization and application of excellent breeding pigs and semen, and accelerate the improvement of pig varieties. In 10 provinces where bee owners produce bees, such as Heilongjiang and Jiangsu, we will implement the action of improving the quality of bee industry and support the construction of high-efficiency and high-quality bee industry development demonstration zones. The relevant provinces that undertake the task will make overall arrangements to support them from the budget issued by the central government.

9. Green, high-quality and efficient actions for key crops. Taking key counties as units, we will highlight the three major grains of rice, wheat and corn and oil crops such as soybeans, rape and peanuts, integrate and promote the "all-link" green, high-quality and efficient technology model, explore the construction of "all-process" socialized service system and "all-industrial chain" production model, and promote the production level of "county-wide" by radiation to increase the supply of green and high-quality agricultural products. The relevant provinces that undertake the task will make overall arrangements to support them from the budget issued by the central government.

10. Socialization service of agricultural production. Support rural collective economic organizations, specialized agricultural service organizations, service-oriented farmers’ cooperatives, supply and marketing cooperatives and other entities that have certain capabilities and can provide effective and stable services, and provide agricultural productive services such as agricultural technology promotion, land custody, farming and planting, unified prevention and control, drying and storage for farmers engaged in the production of important agricultural products such as grain, cotton, oil and sugar. Appropriate financial subsidies will be given to reduce the service prices of farmers.

11. Agricultural machinery subsoiling. Support suitable areas to carry out subsoiling and soil preparation of agricultural machinery. The national working area is more than 140 million mu, and the working depth is generally required to reach or exceed 25 cm, breaking the bottom of the plow. The relevant provinces that undertake the task will make overall arrangements to support them from the budget issued by the central government. According to the actual needs of agricultural production, the four northeastern provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region can carry out subsidies for deep ploughing (deep ploughing) of agricultural machinery in suitable areas.

12 farmland rotation fallow system pilot. In 2019, the central government supported the pilot area of rotation fallow for 30 million mu. Among them, the pilot project of crop rotation is 25 million mu, which is mainly implemented in the soybean, peanut and rape producing areas in the cold northeast region, the farming-pastoral ecotone in the north, the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Yangtze River basin; The pilot project of fallow is 5 million mu, which is mainly implemented in groundwater overexploitation area, heavy metal pollution area, rocky desertification area in southwest China and serious ecological degradation area in northwest China.

13. Awards for major grain-producing counties. Rewards will be given to regular grain-producing counties, super-grain-producing counties, oil-producing counties, commodity grain-producing counties, seed-producing counties and provinces where the "Quality Grain Project" is implemented. As a general transfer payment, the incentive funds for conventional grain-producing counties are arranged by the people’s government at the county level as a whole; Other incentive funds are used to support the development of grain and oil industry in accordance with relevant regulations.

14 pigs (cattle and sheep) out of the county awards. Including pigs transferred out of big counties, cattle and sheep transferred out of big counties and provincial-level overall incentive funds. The county-level people’s government will make overall arrangements for the pig (cattle and sheep) production and circulation and industrial development in this county, and the provincial-level people’s government will make overall arrangements for the pig (cattle and sheep) production and circulation and industrial development in this province (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government).

15. Subsidies for corn, soybeans and rice producers. Subsidies for corn and soybean producers were implemented in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. The central government will allocate subsidies for corn and soybean producers to provinces and regions, and local governments will formulate specific measures for the implementation of subsidies, clarify subsidy standards, subsidy targets, subsidy basis, etc., and be responsible for paying subsidy funds to corn and soybean producers. In order to support the deepening of the reform of rice storage system and price formation mechanism and ensure the basic stability of farmers’ income from grain production, the state continues to give appropriate subsidies to the major rice-producing provinces.

Second, the protection and utilization of agricultural resources

16 grassland ecological protection subsidies and awards. In Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other eight provinces (autonomous regions) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, subsidies for grazing prohibition and rewards for balancing grass and livestock were implemented; In Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Heilongjiang Provincial Land Reclamation Bureau, the "package" policy and performance evaluation awards will be implemented. The supplementary award funds can be used for grassland ecological protection construction in pastoral and semi-pastoral counties of the country as a whole, and the good practices of the first round of policies can also be continued.

17. Fishery proliferation and release. Carry out fishery proliferation and release in key water areas such as river basins, rivers and seas with serious resource degradation, promote the recovery or increase of fishery population, improve and optimize the fishery population structure in water areas, and realize the sustainable development of fishery.

18 fishery development and ship scrapping, dismantling and updating subsidies. In accordance with the requirements of balanced and coordinated development of marine fishing intensity and resource regeneration capacity, we will support fishermen to reduce ships and switch to production and build artificial reefs to promote the restoration of fishery ecological environment. In order to adapt to the new situation of modernization and specialization of fishery development, under the premise of strictly controlling the "double control" index of the number and power of marine fishing boats and not increasing the fishing intensity, there are plans to upgrade and transform standardized fishing boats with good selectivity, high efficiency, energy saving, safety and environmental protection. At the same time, support the promotion of deep-water cages, navigation AIDS in fishing ports and other public infrastructure to improve the basic conditions for fishery development.

19. Compensation for prohibited fishing in key waters of the Yangtze River Basin. The central government adopts a combination of one-time subsidies and transitional subsidies to support the ban on fishing in key waters of the Yangtze River basin, and promote the restoration of aquatic biological resources and the ecological environment of waters. Among them, the one-time subsidy is used by the local authorities to recover fishermen’s fishing rights and scrap special production equipment, and is directly distributed to eligible fishermen who have retired. Transitional subsidies are used by all localities as a whole for the work directly related to the ban on arrest, such as propaganda and mobilization, early withdrawal of rewards, strengthening law enforcement management, and emergency response to emergencies.

20. Action of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer for fruit, vegetable and tea. Select key counties, support farmers and new agricultural operators to use the organic fertilizer generated by the resource utilization of livestock manure, focus on popularizing the technical modes such as returning compost to the field, applying commercial organic fertilizer, returning biogas residue and biogas slurry to the field, and covering with natural grass, and explore a number of production and operation modes such as "fruit biogas livestock", "vegetable biogas livestock" and "tea biogas livestock" to promote the quality improvement and resource recycling of fruits, vegetables and tea.

21. Pilot project of comprehensive utilization of crop straw. Promote the whole county nationwide, adhere to agricultural priority and diversified utilization, cultivate a number of industrialized utilization subjects, and build a number of model counties with full utilization. Stimulate the vitality of market players in all aspects of straw returning, leaving the field, processing and utilization, and explore the technical route, model and mechanism of comprehensive utilization of straw that can be popularized and sustainable.

22. Resource treatment of livestock manure. Support large animal husbandry counties to carry out the resource utilization of livestock manure, and realize the full coverage of the whole county governance for the resource utilization of livestock manure in large animal husbandry counties. In accordance with the principle of government support, enterprise as the main body and market-oriented operation, taking local and nearby use of rural energy and agricultural organic fertilizer as the main utilization mode, new (expanded) treatment facilities for livestock manure collection and utilization, as well as regional centralized manure treatment centers and large-scale biogas projects will be built, so that all large-scale farms can realize manure treatment and resource utilization, and an industrial pattern of combining agriculture with animal husbandry and recycling development will be formed.

23. Plastic film recycling. Support 100 counties in Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang to promote the recycling of waste plastic films, and encourage other regions to carry out independent exploration. Support the establishment of a sound recycling and processing system for waste plastic films, establish recycling mechanisms in various ways, such as handing in business entities, organizing recycling by specialized organizations, recycling by processing enterprises, and exchanging old ones for new ones, and explore the extended responsibility system for plastic film producers who produce and recycle.

24. Comprehensive management of groundwater overexploitation. Taking Heilonggang River Basin in Hebei Province as the focus, we will carry out the adjustment of planting structure with fallow as the focus, popularize agronomic water-saving measures such as water and fertilizer integration, rainwater harvesting on greenhouse surface, moisture measurement irrigation, drought-resistant and water-saving varieties, and establish a semi-fallow system for dry farming and rain-fed planting.

25. Comprehensive management of cultivated land polluted by heavy metals. Focusing on Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan area in Hunan Province, strengthen the monitoring of heavy metals in producing areas and products, popularize VIP (variety substitution, irrigation water source purification, pH value adjustment) and other technical models for the safe utilization of polluted farmland, and explore replicable and scalable models for the safe utilization of polluted farmland. Carry out the adjustment of planting structure and implement the pilot project of fallow of cultivated land.

Third, farmland construction

26. Construction of high-standard farmland. In 2019, in accordance with the five unified requirements of "unified planning and layout, unified construction standards, unified organization and implementation, unified acceptance and assessment, and unified warehousing", more than 80 million mu of high-standard farmland will be built nationwide, and it will be tilted to grain production functional areas and important agricultural products production protection areas. In terms of construction content, in accordance with the General Rules for the Construction of High-standard Farmland, focusing on land leveling, soil improvement, farmland water conservancy, mechanized roads and farmland power transmission and distribution equipment, we will promote the "mechanized" transformation of cultivated land, strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure, improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, and implement the strategy of "storing grain on the ground and storing grain in technology".

27. Protection and utilization of black land in Northeast China. It will be implemented in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, and a centralized contiguous demonstration zone will be established to showcase a number of black land protection and utilization models. Support the development of technical and engineering measures such as controlling black soil loss, increasing soil organic matter content, conserving water and fertilizer, raising black soil, and monitoring and evaluating cultivated land quality. Encourage new agricultural business entities and social service organizations to undertake implementation tasks.

Fourth, agricultural science and technology personnel support

28. Capacity-building of farmers’ cooperatives and family farms. Support the high-quality development of demonstration cooperatives and farmers’ cooperative unions at or above the county level, and cultivate a large number of family farms with moderate scale. Support farmers’ cooperatives and family farms to build primary processing facilities such as cleaning, packaging, cold storage and drying, and carry out "three products and one standard" and brand building to improve product quality and safety and market competitiveness.

29. Agricultural credit guarantee service. Focus on serving family farms, farmers’ cooperatives, agricultural socialized service organizations, small and micro agricultural enterprises and other agricultural moderate-scale business entities. Give full play to the role of the national agricultural credit guarantee system, focusing on agricultural and forestry advantageous industries such as grain production, animal husbandry and aquaculture, vegetable and fruit tea, agricultural socialized services such as agricultural materials, agricultural machinery and agricultural technology, farmland infrastructure, and new rural formats such as the integration and development of rural primary and secondary industries, precision poverty alleviation projects, family leisure agriculture and sightseeing agriculture. Support all localities to adopt ways such as guarantee fee subsidies and business awards to reduce the financing cost of moderate-scale business entities and solve the problem of financing difficulties and expensive financing for agricultural business entities.

30. Cultivation of new professional farmers. Focus on agricultural professional managers, modern young farmers, rural practical talents leaders, the backbone of new agricultural business entities, and the poverty alleviation targets of agricultural industries, and improve their production skills and management level. Support capable farmers’ cooperatives, professional and technical associations, leading agricultural enterprises and other subjects to undertake training work.

31. Reform and construction of grass-roots agricultural technology extension system. Support agricultural counties with high willingness to implement and good tasks to undertake the task of system reform and construction, strengthen the construction of rural service system for agriculture, improve the service ability and level of grassroots agricultural technicians, and popularize and apply a number of major technical models that meet the requirements of high quality, safety, cost saving and efficiency improvement and green development. In poverty-stricken areas, we will fully implement the special appointment plan for agricultural extension services, and recruit a group of special agricultural technicians from local agricultural experts, experts in planting and breeding, technical backbones of new agricultural business entities, and front-line service personnel of scientific research and teaching units to provide strong support for industrial poverty alleviation.

V. Agricultural disaster prevention and reduction

32. Agricultural production for disaster relief. The central government gives appropriate subsidies to the prevention and control of major agricultural natural disasters and biological disasters, emergency relief and post-disaster recovery. The scope of support includes subsidies for materials needed for the prevention and control of major natural disasters and biological disasters in agriculture, subsidies for materials needed for measures to restore agricultural production, harmless treatment fees for dead animals after disasters, and subsidies for straw sheds (warehouses), livestock greenhouses and emergency forage materials needed for disaster prevention and livestock protection in pastoral areas.

33. Prevention and control of animal diseases. The central government grants subsidies for compulsory immunization, compulsory culling and harmless treatment of animal diseases. Compulsory immunization subsidy funds are mainly used to carry out the purchase, storage, injection (feeding) of animal compulsory immunization vaccines (anthelmintics) such as foot-and-mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, small ruminant plague, brucellosis and echinococcosis, as well as related prevention and control work such as monitoring and evaluation of immune effect and personal protection, and to subsidize the implementation and purchase of animal epidemic prevention services. In the process of preventing, controlling and exterminating animal epidemics, the state shall compensate the owners of animals that have been forcibly culled, and the subsidy funds shall be jointly borne by the central finance and local finance. The state supports the harmless treatment of dead pigs in the breeding process, and all localities should improve the subsidy policy for harmless treatment according to relevant requirements and local conditions, and earnestly do a good job in the harmless treatment of the breeding process.

34 agricultural insurance premium subsidies. On the basis of local finance independently developing and voluntarily assuming a certain proportion of subsidies, the central finance gives premium subsidies to rice, wheat, corn, cotton, potatoes, oil crops, sugar crops, fertile sows, cows, fattening pigs, forests, highland barley, yaks, Tibetan sheep and natural rubber, as well as seed production insurance for rice, wheat and corn, and the proportion of premiums paid by farmers is generally not more than 20%. Continue to carry out and expand the agricultural catastrophe insurance pilot, the level of protection covers "direct materialization cost+land rent", and the protection targets cover moderate-scale business entities and small farmers in the pilot areas; In Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Hubei and other six provinces (autonomous regions), four major grain-producing counties were selected to continue to carry out the three major grain crop full cost insurance and income insurance pilot projects, and the level of protection covered "direct materialization cost+land rent+labor cost"; The central government launched a pilot program to reward and supplement local agricultural products insurance with local advantages and characteristics.

VI. Rural Construction

35. The improvement of rural human settlements was promoted as a whole. We will implement the Three-year Action Plan for Rural Human Settlements Renovation, focus on supporting the central and western regions to promote rural human settlements renovation in counties as a unit, promote the tasks of rural domestic garbage, domestic sewage, toilet manure treatment and village appearance improvement, and speed up the completion of the shortcomings in rural human settlements infrastructure construction.

36 advanced county awards for rural human settlements improvement. Implement the spirit of "Three-year Action Plan for Rural Human Settlements Renovation" and "Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Further Strengthening Incentive Support in Areas with Significant Achievements" (Guo Ban Fa [117] No.2018), and evaluate the rural human settlements renovation work in various provinces according to the Implementation Measures for Rural Human Settlements Renovation Incentive Measures, and determine the list of counties to be recommended. When allocating the annual transfer payment funds for comprehensive rural reform, the central government will give appropriate tilt support to the counties that have achieved remarkable results in the improvement of rural human settlements.

37. The "toilet revolution" in rural areas was promoted throughout the village. The central government arranged special award funds to support and guide all localities to take administrative villages as units, make overall planning and design, organize and launch as a whole, simultaneously implement household toilet renovation and public facilities supporting construction, and establish and improve the later management and protection mechanism. In principle, the popularization rate of sanitary toilets in administrative villages should reach more than 85%. The award funds mainly support the construction of facilities such as manure collection, storage, transportation and resource utilization, and the subsequent improvement of management and protection capabilities, taking into account the renovation of household toilets. The standards and methods of award and compensation are determined by local conditions.