Comic Author: Ma Hongliang (People’s Network copyright picture, please do not reprint without authorization. )

　　On February 6, local time, a strong earthquake struck southern Turkey near the Syrian border, causing a large number of casualties in Turkey and Syria. World Health Organization officials said on the 14th that the earthquake on the border between Turkey and Syria caused 26 million people in both countries to need humanitarian assistance.

　　Affected by years of war and US sanctions, the people’s livelihood in Syria has languished, and the earthquake has made the local humanitarian crisis worse. After the earthquake, the United States still refused to lift sanctions against Syria, hindering the arrival of relief aid. It was not until the 9th that the United States announced the temporary lifting of some sanctions. At this time, the 72-hour gold rescue period has passed. Natural disasters and "man-made disasters" have caused the Syrian people to bear a great price and suffer a "crisis in crisis".

　　For a long time, in order to maintain its hegemony, the United States has intervened militarily in Syria, imposed unilateral blockade and sanctions, and looted resources, which is the initiator of the Syrian crisis. After the earthquake, the United States and the West even put politicization above saving lives and hindered earthquake relief. Bashar al-Jaafari, the Syrian ambassador to Russia, recently broke the ugly face of the United States: "Imagine that our ambulances don’t even have fuel to transport the wounded, while the United States has been stealing our natural gas and oil and transporting it to a third country."

　　Immigration management police of Puma Jiangtang Border Police Station in Xizang Border Inspection Station are on patrol. Xinhua news agency

　　In the Putonghua training class of Wuying Miao Village, Dangjiu Village, Gandong Township, Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, the police of Liuzhou Traffic Police Detachment were explaining the knowledge of safe driving and riding. Xinhua news agency

　　[Endeavour, New Journey, New Era, Great Change]　　

　　"In 2021, the national people’s sense of security was 98.62%, which has remained at a high level in the past five years"; "Since 2018, a three-year special campaign to eliminate evils has destroyed 3,644 triad-related organizations and 11,675 criminal groups"; "In 2021, public security organs across the country cracked more than 441,000 cases of telecommunication network fraud, and recovered and returned 12 billion yuan of defrauded funds to the people" … …

　　"Safe China" has data to test and stories to tell. In China, a developing country with a population of more than 1.4 billion and a vast territory, peace has been settled in the usual years and reflected in thousands of lights. The international community generally believes that China is one of the safest countries in the world.

　　Nowadays, the connotation of "peace" is constantly enriched, and the people’s demand for safety includes not only good public security and low crime rate, but also clear network environment and superior business environment. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the level of socialization, rule of law, intelligence and specialization of social governance in China has been greatly improved, and the system and mechanism for building a safe China have been gradually improved and entered a broader world.

1. The concept of fairness and justice permeates the law enforcement process.

　　On April 5, residents of a closed management community in Shanghai gathered due to material problems.

　　"Anyone can make any comments. We are a society ruled by law, so we should make them in a reasonable and legal way … …” Zhou Yu, a community policeman from Bijiang Road Police Station of Minhang Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, persuaded the gathered residents in time. Law enforcement has achieved good results — — Mr. Chen, a resident, realized his own problems, expressed his support for community work on the spot and joined the volunteer team in the community.

　　This law enforcement video was praised by netizens as "textbook law enforcement". Over the years, "textbook law enforcement" has long gone out of police textbooks and appeared in the daily life of the masses.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the supreme leader’s thought of the rule of law, public security organs throughout the country have implemented the rule of law in an all-round way in the whole process of public security work and public security team building, strengthened the standardization of law enforcement, and constantly improved the level of the rule of law in public security work and the credibility of law enforcement. Law enforcement norms, moisten things silently into the vivid narrative of safe China construction, and change people’s living environment.

　　On duty, Qian Yiming, a policeman of the squadron of the traffic police brigade of Zhangjiagang City Public Security Bureau in Jiangsu Province, stopped an illegal vehicle. He opened the "Pocket Administrative Quick Cut" App, started an inquiry according to the content prompts, then generated a notice record, and then printed it with a portable printer. The whole illegal handling takes only 15 minutes.

　　"This App can handle 12 types of multiple illegal activities." Qian Yiming introduced, "Take the expired driver’s license as an example. Now the case is handled quickly and decided on the spot, and the owner can understand the situation, bear the consequences and receive education in the first time."

　　It is a beautiful vision of China ruled by law to make people feel fair and just in handling every case and everything. The team building a safe China is not satisfied with this, they have higher pursuits.

　　In Xiyingmen Police Station of Xiqing Branch of Tianjin Public Security Bureau, after the suspect entered the law enforcement case handling area, the police recorded all the information collection and interrogation transcripts of the suspect in real time into the police intelligence law enforcement case handling platform, avoiding human intervention and preventing law enforcement risks to the maximum extent.

　　"Since receiving the report, every step in the process of law enforcement has been in the ‘ Keep an eye on ’ Under it. " Xu Qinggang, captain of the patrol control team of Hongqiao Branch of Tianjin Public Security Bureau and Heyuan Police Station, said, "The police-intelligence law enforcement case-handling platform is like a pair of supervised ‘ Eyes ’ 。”

　　In August 2016, the General Offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the Opinions on Deepening the Standardization of Public Security Law Enforcement;

　　In May 2019, the National Public Security Work Conference was held, which put forward higher requirements for promoting strict, standardized, fair and civilized law enforcement;

　　In December 2019, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Opinions on Further Promoting Strict, Standardized, Fair and Civilized Law Enforcement … …

　　To make overall planning, but also to "embroider kung fu", since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee has made a series of major decisions and arrangements for comprehensively governing the country according to law, and public security organs across the country have solidly promoted the standardization of law enforcement.

　　So people see that the police are getting more and more accustomed to "enforcing the law under the camera." When the traffic police in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province checked the drunk driving at night and the suspect suspected of drunk driving wanted to find an acquaintance to "suppress things", the response was "it’s useless to call anyone".

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed at the central conference on comprehensively administering the country according to law that it is necessary to persist in building a high-quality rule of law work team with both ability and political integrity. In recent years, the Ministry of Public Security has organized the national public security legal departments to carry out legal knowledge competitions, business skills contests and other activities; Local public security organs have strengthened and improved law enforcement education and training in combination with the actual combat training of the whole police, and made efforts to improve the police’s rule of law literacy and law enforcement ability. Up to now, about 1.9 million police officers in public security organs nationwide have obtained basic law enforcement qualifications and 60,000 have obtained advanced law enforcement qualifications.

2. The foundation of social stability is rooted in grassroots governance.

　　Walking into the "Fengqiao Experience" exhibition hall in Fengqiao Town, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province, visitors can appreciate the changes of grassroots social governance in an immersive experience. Since its birth, the "Fengqiao Experience" has been developing continuously in practice and has a richer connotation in the new era.

　　Not far away, Tianzhu Street is close to Fengqiao Farmers’ Market, and there are many shops and people on the street. People can often see members of the "Hongfeng vigilante" proclaiming Ai Mao walking around the streets, publicizing the knowledge of anti-theft and anti-fraud to merchants. Every summer, she will also appear on the Fengxi River to publicize the common sense of drowning prevention to the villagers.

　　In 2017, the Fengqiao Police Station of Zhuji City Public Security Bureau mobilized spontaneous social organizations, set up a "Hongfeng vigilante" team, and carried out group prevention and treatment and auxiliary policing activities. From a fire to the sky, the "Red Maple Police" spread all over the administrative villages of Fengqiao Town, attracting social forces to participate in social grassroots governance, and was called the "new police force" of Fengqiao by the masses.

　　Eliminate contradictions and problems in the bud and initial stage to the maximum extent, and make every effort to enhance people’s sense of acquisition, happiness and security. This is the expectation of "Fengqiao Experience" in the new era for building a safe China. In 2019, the establishment of "Fengqiao Public Security Police Station" was in full swing in public security organs across the country. At that time, 100 police stations were named as "Fengqiao-style police stations" nationwide, which became the learning pacesetter for the public security organs throughout the country to do a good job in grassroots social governance.

　　Today, the establishment of "Fengqiao-style police station" continues to advance. North and south of the river, online and offline, the "Maple Bridge Spirit" in the new era has become a beautiful "Maple" scenic line with dots and beads:

　　Baishijiang Police Station of Qilin Branch of Qujing Public Security Bureau of Yunnan Province set up a woodpecker voluntary patrol team to adjust the key time and frequency of patrol prevention and control in real time according to the police situation and solve the problems of the masses in time;

　　The Traffic Police Station of Economic Development Branch of Neijiang Public Security Bureau in Sichuan Province moved the police room into neighborhood committees and grid stations, equipped with full-time grid workers and "sweet city vigilantes", and mobilized village cadres and retired soldiers to form patrols to cross patrol and take turns to guard against the residents’ safety.

　　From management to governance, the masses have become the protagonists of grassroots social governance, and the foundation of a safe China has become more and more solid in the lives of the masses.

　　In Batou Police Station of lankao county Public Security Bureau, there is a grounded mediation room called "Reasoning Hall", which is a villagers’ council organized by the police station and composed of rural sages and party member people. In the mediation of daily contradictions and disputes, the reasonable hall integrates folk customs, traditional etiquette, etc., and realizes that "the contradictions and disputes that have occurred are no longer intensified, and the mediated contradictions are no longer repeated".

　　Many policemen have realized in practice that only by upholding the people first can grassroots social governance continuously meet the new demands of the people and respond to their new expectations. In 2021, police stations nationwide investigated and resolved 6.05 million contradictions and disputes, rectified and eliminated 3.88 million potential risks, and effectively safeguarded national political security and social peace and stability.

3. The guardians of Ping An China continue to expand their "circle of friends"

　　On April 29th, three Chinese law enforcement boats participating in the joint patrol and law enforcement operation of China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Mekong River returned to the dock in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, one after another, marking the successful conclusion of the 116th operation.

　　In the past 10 years, the law enforcement departments of China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand have sent more than 17,000 law enforcement personnel and carried out 116 joint patrols on the Mekong River. In the past 10 years, there has been no hijacking in this waterway, the cargo throughput of ports along the Yangtze River has quadrupled, the people in coastal villages live and work in peace and contentment, and the law enforcement departments of the four countries have set a new example of international law enforcement and security cooperation.

　　A safe China needs a safe surrounding environment and a peaceful and stable international environment. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the guidance of the concept of building a community of human destiny, China, together with the peace-loving countries in the world, has made concerted efforts to jointly safeguard world peace and tranquility.

　　"China’s plan is to build a community of human destiny and achieve win-win sharing." In January 2017, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader issued the Voice of China at the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva. Under the banner of "cooperation, innovation, rule of law and win-win", China police have continuously expanded the breadth and depth of international law enforcement security cooperation, established and improved a pragmatic and efficient bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanism, and played an important role in serving economic and social development, coordinating with the overall situation of national diplomacy, and cracking down on transnational crimes.

　　The power to protect the peace of China has been recognized and supported by all countries in the world. Sino-Russian law enforcement security cooperation mechanism, China-Vietnam ministerial meeting on cooperation in combating crime, and China-Myanmar ministerial meeting on law enforcement security cooperation … … China police’s "circle of friends" is constantly expanding, and international law enforcement security cooperation has made remarkable achievements.

　　At present, the Ministry of Public Security has established close and pragmatic bilateral law enforcement cooperation mechanisms and contact hotlines with more than 110 countries, signed more than 400 documents on inter-governmental and inter-departmental law enforcement cooperation, and established an all-round, three-dimensional, multi-level and pragmatic international law enforcement security cooperation pattern through Interpol’s regular contact and case-handling cooperation with law enforcement departments of member countries, thus building a solid "firewall" for international security.

　　"Sleeping with gunshots and waking up with the smoke. Mosquito herpes can’t be beaten, and bullets and guns can’t be scared. " After more than 20 years of hurricane and rain, Chinese peacekeeping police have covered 11 mission areas on 4 continents and become the backbone of the United Nations peacekeeping police.

　　On July 28, 2021, more than 150 diplomats and representatives of international organizations in China visited the frontline units of Beijing public security. They gave this evaluation:

　　"In the era of globalization, in the face of challenges such as terrorism and transnational crime, all countries in the world need to unite. China has carried out fruitful work under the framework of the United Nations and contributed a very important force to world peace and security. "

　　BEIJING, Beijing, January 24 (Xinhua) Affected by strong cold air, a new round of large-scale rain and snow in the central and eastern regions kicked off. According to the weather forecast, it will enter the strongest snowfall period today and tomorrow, and there will be heavy snow in Shaanxi, Hubei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu.

　　In response to the blizzard weather, many notices of suspension of classes in kindergartens, primary and secondary schools were issued. The National Disaster Reduction Committee, the National Defense General, the Ministry of Agriculture and other departments have also made emergency arrangements to deal with the large-scale low-temperature rain, snow and freezing weather.

　　The "freezing" in the central and eastern regions continued to hit a new low this winter.

　　In the past few days, the central and eastern regions have suffered from a wide range of cold wave weather, and many places have continuously hit a new low this winter. According to the forecast of the Central Meteorological Observatory, the temperature will continue to be "diving" in the next few days.

　　From the night of the 23 rd to the 26 th, there are still 4 ~ 5 northerly winds in parts of the central and eastern regions, with gusts of 6 ~ 7; The temperature in Huanghuai and most parts of the south has dropped by 6 ~ 8℃, and the temperature drop in some areas can reach 10 ~ 12℃. The average daily temperature in most parts of central and eastern China is 2 ~ 5℃ lower than normal, and in some areas it is more than 6℃ lower.

　　During this period, the lowest temperature 0℃ line will be pressed south to the northeast of Jiangnan to the northeast of Guangxi and the south of Guizhou, and the -10℃ line is located in the eastern part of Huanghuai-the southern part of North China-the eastern part of Northwest China.

　　From 27th to 31st, due to the influence of supplementary cold air, the temperature in the central and eastern regions will drop from north to south, and will remain low.

　　According to the meteorological department, this will be the most extensive, longest-lasting and most serious freezing weather process in China since this winter.

　　A new round of blizzard is coming! Today and tomorrow are the strongest snowfall periods.

　　In addition to the great cooling, the "rain and snow" in this round of low-temperature rain, snow and freezing weather will show its power in the next few days.

　　According to the forecast, the strongest snowfall period is from the day of the 24th to the night of the 25th, and from 20: 00 on the 24th to 20: 00 on the 25th. There are blizzards in Shaanxi, Hubei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu, and the local snow can reach more than 40cm.

　　There are moderate to heavy snow or sleet in the southeastern part of the northwest, southwestern Shanxi, western and southern Huanghuai, Jianghan, Jianghuai, western and northeastern Jiangnan, among which there are blizzards in southeastern Shaanxi, southern Henan, most of Anhui, western Jiangsu and central and northern Hubei, and there are local blizzards.

　　From 20: 00 on the 25th to 20: 00 on the 26th, the snowfall area moved eastward, and the intensity was slightly weakened. There are moderate to heavy snow and local snowstorms in southern and eastern Hubei, south-central Anhui, southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang.

　　Reporter Zhong Xinshe

　　Deploy in many places to deal with blizzard weather: kindergartens, primary and secondary schools are closed

　　It is worth mentioning that some of the above-mentioned areas that will be swept by snowstorms have already experienced a round of heavy snowfall at the beginning of this month. When the blizzard comes again, many places have also deployed prevention and response work in advance.

　　In Anhui, the office of Anhui Disaster Reduction and Relief Committee issued an urgent notice, requiring all localities to investigate various hidden dangers, and people in dangerous areas should be transferred in advance and properly resettled.

　　The education departments of Huangshan, Hefei, Chizhou and other cities in Anhui announced that from January 24 to 28, schools, kindergartens and rural high schools in the compulsory education stage in the city were suspended, and the final exams were suspended.

　　In Jiangsu, Suzhou Education Bureau informed all primary and secondary schools (kindergartens) in the city to suspend classes on the 25th and 26th. Wuxi Education Bureau informed all primary and secondary schools (including vocational schools) and kindergartens in the city to suspend classes for two days on 25th and 26th, and the final examination time for primary and secondary schools was arranged on January 29th-30th.

　　In Hubei, the official of the Emergency Office of Wuhan Municipal Government issued a message, asking all levels of government departments and relevant enterprises and institutions to properly purchase and reserve some snow melting agents, brooms, shovels and other snow removal materials and tools to prepare for snow melting and sweeping.

　　Multi-sector emergency deployment to minimize disaster losses

　　A few days ago, the office of the National Disaster Reduction Committee issued an urgent notice in response to the freezing weather with the widest range, the longest duration and the most serious impact after winter.

　　The National Disaster Reduction Committee requires that all localities should take effective measures, co-ordinate resources of all parties, focus on solving practical difficulties caused by disastrous weather to people’s production and life, do a good job in disaster prevention, mitigation and relief, ensure the safety of people’s lives and property, and minimize disaster losses.

　　In addition, the National Defense General issued a notice to the flood control and drought relief headquarters of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Shaanxi and other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and the flood control and drought relief headquarters of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Pearl River and Taihu Lake on the 22nd, urging all localities to effectively strengthen emergency duty and consultation analysis, closely monitor changes in freezing rain and snow, strengthen monitoring, forecasting and early warning, and implement various preventive measures in advance.

　　In view of the impact of low temperature, rain, snow and freezing weather on agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture has also urgently deployed prevention and response work, requiring agricultural departments at all levels to consciously take prevention of low temperature, rain, snow and freezing disasters as an urgent task at present.

　　The Ministry of Agriculture requires that all localities should thoroughly analyze the impact of low temperature, rain and snow weather on the supply of agricultural products, pay close attention to market trends, release supply and demand information in a timely manner, guide farmers to harvest mature agricultural products in a timely manner, and strive to increase the market supply. (End)

Smoke billowed from the chimney. Zhang Xinyan’s information

　　　　　　　　On June 1st, the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Environmental Tort Liability Disputes (hereinafter referred to as the Interpretation) was issued. There are 19 articles in the Interpretation, which mainly include: the principle of imputation and the reasons for exemption; The responsibility of several people to discharge pollutants; Liability for environmental pollution caused by the fault of the third party; Distribution of burden of proof; Provisions on evidence; Evidence preservation; The responsibility of the polluter; Responsibilities of relevant environmental service agencies; Scope of application and limitation of action.

　　　　　　　　What are the highlights of the Interpretation and what impact will it bring? The reporter interviewed Sun Youhai, former deputy director of the Supreme People’s Court Research Office, now professor of Tianjin University and dean of law school on these issues.

　　　　　　　　China environmental newsWhat is the imputation principle of environmental pollution tort liability in the Interpretation?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiThe essence of Article 1 of the Interpretation is whether legal sewage discharge bears the tort liability of environmental pollution. In practice, there are two opinions on whether legal sewage discharge bears the tort liability of environmental pollution.

　　　　　　　　One view is that in the past, some laws regarded "illegality" as one of the constitutive requirements of environmental pollution responsibility, so it should be adhered to. Another view is that Article 65 of the Tort Liability Law does not distinguish whether pollutants are discharged legally, but whether the polluter is at fault or not, and the polluter shall bear tort liability. In other words, even if the pollutant discharge behavior of the polluter meets the requirements of national or local pollutant discharge standards, it shall bear tort liability as long as it causes damage.

　　　　　　　　The Interpretation adheres to the "no-fault principle", that is, no matter whether the polluter is subjectively "intentional" about the pollutants discharged, as long as it discharges pollutants and causes damage, it should bear civil liability. This is the inevitable result of the development of international environmental law and the concrete embodiment of the development of China’s environmental law. According to this provision, the people’s court will not support the claim that the polluter does not assume responsibility on the grounds that the discharge of pollutants meets the national or local pollutant discharge standards.

　　　　　　　　There are also many cases for reference in trial practice. For example, the People’s Court of Longtan District, Jilin City (2004) Long Min Yi Chu Zi No.1377 case.

　　　　　　　　The defendant is a chemical enterprise that produces sulfuric acid, and the vineyard planted by Wang is nearby. Wang sued the court for the defendant’s discharge of sulfur dioxide, which caused his grapes to be reduced due to pollution, while the defendant argued that it was a discharge unit that reached the standard through special environmental impact assessment.

　　　　　　　　The court held that the national or local pollutant discharge standards are only the basis for the environmental protection department to decide whether the pollutant discharge unit needs to pay sewage charges and carry out environmental management, rather than the boundary for determining whether the pollutant discharge unit is liable for compensation. The legal discharge of pollutants by enterprises may also lead to dangerous results of damage to others, and there should be relief if there is damage. The Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution does not regard illegality as a necessary condition for the actor to bear civil liability, which shows that the constitution of environmental civil liability does not require the actor’s behavior to be illegal.

　　　　　　　　China environmental newsHow should several polluters bear the responsibility for causing damage by polluting the environment?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiSeveral polluters commit environmental pollution, including two situations: first, several polluters jointly commit environmental pollution; Second, several polluters commit environmental pollution behaviors respectively. Articles 2 and 3 of this Interpretation respectively stipulate these two situations.

　　　　　　　　First, if several polluters jointly commit environmental pollution and cause damage to the infringed, they shall be jointly and severally liable in accordance with Article 8 of the Tort Liability Law.

　　　　　　　　Second, if several polluters respectively commit environmental pollution and cause the same damage, the Interpretation stipulates that three situations should be distinguished.

　　　　　　　　It should be noted that Articles 2 and 3 of the Interpretation stipulate how several polluters should be held responsible for the damage caused by environmental pollution. If it is necessary to determine how to share the responsibility among several polluters, the provisions of Article 4 of the Interpretation shall apply.

　　　　　　　　China environmental newsHow to bear the responsibility for environmental pollution damage caused by the fault of the third party?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiIn practice, some environmental pollution behaviors are caused by the fault of a third person other than the polluter and the infringed. In this case, in order to fully protect the legitimate rights and interests of the infringed, Article 68 of the Tort Liability Law stipulates that the infringed may choose to request the polluter or a third party to compensate.

　　　　　　　　However, the Tort Liability Law does not clarify the litigation status of the polluter and the third party. If the polluter is also at fault for polluting the environment, how should the third party bear the responsibility and whether the polluter can claim to reduce or exempt the responsibility on the grounds of the third party’s fault. To this end, the fifth article of this Interpretation stipulates three aspects.

　　　　　　　　China environmental newsThe Interpretation stipulates the burden of proof of the infringer and the polluter respectively. How should the parties give evidence?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiArticle 6 of the Interpretation is about the burden of proof of the infringed, which is based on Article 64 of the Civil Procedure Law. In practice, there is no dispute that the infringed should bear the burden of proof for the pollution behavior and the damage facts. However, there are two opinions on whether the infringed should submit preliminary proof materials on the correlation between pollution behavior and damage results.

　　　　　　　　One view is that according to Article 66 of the Tort Liability Law, the principle of inversion of the burden of proof of causality applies to environmental pollution liability disputes, and the polluter should bear the burden of proof for the absence of causality, and the infringed should not bear any burden of proof for causality; Another view is that the infringed should submit preliminary proof materials on the correlation between pollution behavior and damage. After research, the second opinion was adopted.

　　　　　　　　Article 7 of the Interpretation is about the burden of proof of polluters, which is based on the provisions of Article 66 of the Tort Liability Law. According to Article 66 of Tort Liability Law, polluters should bear the burden of proof that there is no causal relationship between behavior and damage. However, under what circumstances, the people’s court can determine that the polluter has completed the burden of proof, which is not clearly stipulated in the law and has different practices in practice. After repeated research, Article 7 of the Interpretation stipulates four situations.

　　　　　　　　China environmental newsIt is difficult to determine the specificity of environmental pollution involved in some cases. How should we deal with it?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiThe trial of civil cases of environmental pollution often involves specialized issues such as pollutant identification, loss assessment, causal relationship identification, etc., and the judicial appraisal institution needs to issue appraisal opinions. However, at present, there are few institutions with environmental pollution appraisal qualifications, long appraisal period and high cost, which are difficult to meet the practical needs of handling cases.

　　　　　　　　In view of this, the Interpretation refers to the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Handling Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution, which clearly stipulates that if it is difficult to determine the specificity of environmental pollution involved in the case, it may entrust a judicial appraisal institution with relevant qualifications to issue an appraisal opinion or an institution recommended by the environmental protection department of the State Council to issue an inspection, testing or monitoring report.

　　　　　　　　China environmental newsHow to play an expert role in the trial of environmental tort liability disputes?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiEnvironmental tort liability disputes involve many technical and professional issues, and the parties often can’t meet the needs of litigation according to their own knowledge. Judges and litigation agents entrusted by the parties are generally expert in law, but they are not necessarily clear about the technical problems in the facts of the case.

　　　　　　　　In order to fully protect the litigation rights of the parties, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, and help the judge to judge in the middle and correctly identify the facts, the Interpretation clearly stipulates the procedures and functions of people with specialized knowledge to appear in court according to Article 79 of the Civil Procedure Law.

　　　　　　　　First, the procedure for people with specialized knowledge to appear in court. If it is necessary for a person with specialized knowledge to appear in court, the parties concerned shall apply to the people’s court and explain the reasons. If a party fails to apply, the people’s court may explain it to him if it deems it necessary;

　　　　　　　　Second, the role of people with specialized knowledge in court. People with specialized knowledge appear in court, mainly to give opinions on expert opinions or professional issues such as pollutant identification, damage consequences and causality. Moreover, the opinions put forward by people with specialized knowledge in court can be used as the basis for determining the facts of the case after cross-examination by the parties.

　　　　　　　　China environmental news: What civil liabilities should the polluter bear in environmental tort liability disputes?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiAccording to Article 15 of Tort Liability Law, the main ways to bear tort liability are: stop the infringement; Remove obstacles; Eliminate danger; Return property; Restore to the original state; Compensation for losses; Apologize; 8 kinds, such as eliminating influence and restoring reputation. Among them, "returning property" belongs to the typical right of claim, and "eliminating influence and restoring reputation" belongs to the typical category of personality right. According to the characteristics of environmental damage, returning property, eliminating influence and restoring reputation generally do not apply to environmental tort liability disputes.

　　　　　　　　To this end, the Interpretation stipulates that the people’s court shall reasonably determine that the polluter shall bear civil liabilities such as stopping the infringement, removing the obstruction, eliminating the danger, restoring the original state, apologizing and compensating for the losses according to the claim of the infringed person and the specific case.

　　　　　　　　Among them, "restitution" mainly requires the infringer to bear the responsibility of pollution control and ecological restoration, including in-situ restoration and off-site restoration. If the infringer fails to control or repair or is unable to control or repair, the people’s court may entrust the relevant unit to perform it on his behalf, and the expenses shall be borne by the polluter. "Compensation for losses" includes the property loss and personal loss caused by the infringed party’s pollution behavior and the expenses incurred by necessary and reasonable measures to prevent pollution from expanding and eliminate pollution.

　　　　　　　　China environmental news: What responsibilities should environmental service agencies bear?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiArticle 65 of the Environmental Protection Law stipulates that environmental impact assessment institutions, environmental monitoring institutions and institutions engaged in the maintenance and operation of environmental monitoring equipment and pollution prevention facilities, if they resort to deception in relevant environmental service activities and are responsible for environmental pollution and ecological damage, they shall be punished in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and shall also be jointly and severally liable with other persons responsible for environmental pollution and ecological damage.

　　　　　　　　In order to enhance the practical operation of this article and unify the applicable standards of the law, Article 16 of the Interpretation stipulates that if one of the circumstances is met, it shall be deemed as fraud as stipulated in Article 65 of the Environmental Protection Law.

　　　　　　　　China environmental newsHow to understand the relationship between the Interpretation and the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation Cases?

　　　　　　　　Sun youhaiThe newly revised Civil Procedure Law and Environmental Protection Law both stipulate environmental civil public interest litigation and private interest litigation. These two types of litigation have commonalities in ascertaining the facts of the case and taking responsibility, while public interest litigation is different from private interest litigation in the aspects of litigation subject, litigation purpose and litigation request.

　　　　　　　　To this end, the Supreme People’s Court drafted the Interpretation and the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation Cases. Among them, the Interpretation applies not only to environmental civil public interest litigation, but also to environmental civil private interest litigation, stipulates the general rules applicable to both types of litigation, and focuses on regulating substantive issues such as how polluters bear responsibility; The Interpretation of Environmental Public Interest Litigation only provides special rules applicable to public interest litigation, focusing on standardizing procedural issues such as parties and jurisdiction of environmental public interest litigation.

What impact does the Interpretation bring?

　　　　　　　　1. To the people’s court

　　　　　　　　In view of the problems existing in the environmental trial, the Interpretation clarifies the boundaries of civil liability that all relevant subjects should bear, which will greatly improve the quality and effectiveness of the trial and help improve the judicial credibility.

　　　　　　　　2. To the environmental protection department

　　　　　　　　In the process of drafting the Interpretation, the opinions of the competent department of environmental protection were fully solicited, and the relationship between the trial work of the people’s court and the administrative management of the competent department of environmental protection was clarified, which greatly reduced the pressure of letters and visits to environmental protection, and was bound to help improve the work efficiency of the competent department of environmental protection.

　　　　　　　　3. For polluters

　　　　　　　　The Interpretation clarifies the polluter’s no-fault principle for his own pollution behavior, and also clarifies how to bear the burden of proof when several polluters commit environmental pollution and a third person causes damage. Therefore, it will play a positive role in distinguishing right from wrong and distinguishing responsibilities, thus increasing the compensation of polluters and promoting environmental improvement.

　　　　　　　　4. For pollution victims

　　　　　　　　The Interpretation clarifies the responsibilities of relevant subjects such as polluters, polluters and victims, and between them and third parties, which greatly facilitates polluters to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests according to law. At the same time, it also clarifies some of the burden of proof that pollution victims should bear, which is objectively conducive to preventing the occurrence of indiscriminate complaints.

　　　　　　　　5. Environmental service agencies

　　　　　　　　In order to implement the new environmental protection law, the Interpretation clearly stipulates that environmental service agencies shall be jointly and severally liable for compensation for fraud that may occur in their service work. This will objectively promote them to improve their integrity and do their due diligence in environmental services within their own scope according to law.

Attached to the original interpretation:

　　　　　　　　In order to correctly hear environmental tort liability disputes, this interpretation is formulated in accordance with the provisions of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Tort Liability Law, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law, People’s Republic of China (PRC) Civil Procedure Law and other laws, combined with trial practice.

　　　　　　　　the first No matter whether the polluter is at fault or not, the polluter shall bear tort liability for damage caused by environmental pollution. The people’s court shall not support the claim that the polluter is not liable on the grounds that the discharge of pollutants meets the national or local pollutant discharge standards..

　　　　　　　　Where the polluter does not bear the responsibility or reduces the responsibility, the provisions of the marine environmental protection law, the water pollution prevention law, the air pollution prevention law and other separate laws on environmental protection shall apply; Where there are no provisions in the specific law on environmental protection, the provisions of the Tort Liability Law shall apply.

　　　　　　　　the second If two or more polluters jointly commit pollution acts and cause damage, and the infringed party requests the polluters to bear joint liability according to Article 8 of the Tort Liability Law, the people’s court shall support it.

　　　　　　　　Article If two or more polluters commit pollution acts separately and cause the same damage, and each polluter’s pollution act is enough to cause all damage, the people’s court shall support the infringer’s request that the polluters bear joint liability according to Article 11 of the Tort Liability Law.

　　　　　　　　The people’s court shall support the case that two or more polluters have committed pollution acts respectively, causing the same damage, and each polluter’s pollution act is not enough to cause all the damage, and the infringed party requests the polluter to bear the responsibility according to Article 12 of the Tort Liability Law.

　　　　　　　　The people’s court shall support the case where two or more polluters respectively commit pollution acts that cause the same damage, and some polluters’ pollution acts are enough to cause all the damage, while some polluters’ pollution acts only cause part of the damage. In accordance with the provisions of Article 11 of the Tort Liability Law, the infringed party requests the polluter that causes all the damage and other polluters to bear joint and several liability for all the damage.

　　　　　　　　Article 4 The people’s court shall determine the extent to which two or more polluters are responsible for polluting the environment according to the types, emissions, harmfulness of pollutants, whether there is a discharge permit, whether it exceeds the pollutant discharge standard, whether it exceeds the total discharge control index of key pollutants and other factors.

　　　　　　　　Article 5 The people’s court shall accept the case where the infringer sued the polluter and the third party separately or simultaneously according to the provisions of Article 68 of the Tort Liability Law.

　　　　　　　　If the infringed party requests the third party to bear the liability for compensation, the people’s court shall determine the corresponding liability for compensation according to the degree of the third party’s fault.

　　　　　　　　The people’s court shall not support the polluter’s claim that he will not bear the responsibility or reduce the responsibility on the grounds that the fault of a third party has caused damage to the environment.

　　　　　　　　Article 6 Where the infringed party requests compensation according to Article 65 of the Tort Liability Law, it shall provide evidence to prove the following facts:

　　　　　　　　(1) The polluter has discharged pollutants;

　　　　　　　　(2) the damage caused by the infringer;

　　　　　　　　(3) There is a correlation between pollutants discharged by polluters or secondary pollutants and damage.

　　　　　　　　Article 7 If the polluter proves one of the following circumstances, the people’s court shall determine that there is no causal relationship between the pollution behavior and the damage:

　　　　　　　　(a) the discharged pollutants did not cause the damage;

　　　　　　　　(2) The discharged pollutants that can cause the damage have not reached the place where the damage occurred;

　　　　　　　　(three) the damage occurred before the discharge of pollutants;

　　　　　　　　(4) Other circumstances in which it can be determined that there is no causal relationship between pollution behavior and damage.

　　　　　　　　Article 8 For the specialized problem of finding out the facts of environmental pollution cases, you can entrust a judicial authentication institution with relevant qualifications to issue an expert opinion or an institution recommended by the competent department of environmental protection of the State Council to issue an inspection report, test report, evaluation report or monitoring data.

　　　　　　　　Article 9 If a party applies to notify one or two persons with specialized knowledge to appear in court and put forward opinions on expert opinions, pollutant identification, damage results, causality and other professional issues, the people’s court may grant permission. If the parties fail to apply, the people’s court may interpret it if it deems it necessary.

　　　　　　　　The opinions put forward by people with specialized knowledge in court can be used as the basis for ascertaining the facts of the case after cross-examination by the parties.

　　　　　　　　Article 10 The investigation report, inspection report, inspection report, evaluation report or monitoring data of environmental pollution incidents issued by the department responsible for environmental protection supervision and management or the agency entrusted by it can be used as the basis for determining the facts of the case after cross-examination by the parties.

　　　　　　　　Article 11 For sudden or short-lasting environmental pollution, if the evidence may be lost or difficult to obtain later, the people’s court shall allow the parties or interested parties to apply for evidence preservation in accordance with the provisions of Article 81 of the Civil Procedure Law.

　　　　　　　　Article 12 If the respondent has one of the circumstances stipulated in Article 63 of the Environmental Protection Law, and the parties or interested parties apply for preservation according to Article 100 or Article 101 of the Civil Procedure Law, the people’s court may order the respondent to immediately stop the infringement or take pollution prevention measures.

　　　　　　　　Article 13 The people’s court shall reasonably determine that the polluter shall bear civil liabilities such as stopping the infringement, removing the obstruction, eliminating the danger, restoring to the original state, apologizing and compensating for the losses according to the claim of the infringer and the specific case.

　　　　　　　　Article 14 If the infringer requests restitution, the people’s court may judge the polluter to bear the responsibility of environmental restoration according to law, and at the same time determine the environmental restoration expenses that the defendant should bear when he fails to perform the obligation of environmental restoration.

　　　　　　　　If the polluter fails to perform the obligation of environmental restoration within the time limit determined by the effective judgment, the people’s court may entrust others to carry out environmental restoration, and the expenses required shall be borne by the polluter.

　　　　　　　　Article 15 The people’s court shall support the infringer in suing the polluter for compensation for property losses and personal injuries caused by pollution and the reasonable expenses incurred by taking necessary measures to prevent pollution from expanding and eliminating pollution.

　　　　　　　　Article 16 Under any of the following circumstances, it shall be deemed as fraud as stipulated in Article 65 of the Environmental Protection Law:

　　　　　　　　(a) the environmental impact assessment agency issued a seriously inaccurate evaluation document knowing that the materials provided by the client were false;

　　　　　　　　(two) environmental monitoring institutions or institutions engaged in the maintenance and operation of environmental monitoring equipment deliberately conceal the fact that the client has exceeded the pollutant discharge standards or exceeded the total emission control indicators of key pollutants;

　　　　　　　　(3) Institutions engaged in the maintenance and operation of pollution prevention facilities intentionally fail to operate or abnormally operate environmental monitoring equipment or pollution prevention facilities;

　　　　　　　　(four) other cases of fraud in the environmental service activities of the relevant institutions.

　　　　　　　　Article 17 Where the infringer brings a lawsuit and requests the polluter to stop the infringement, remove the obstruction and eliminate the danger, it is not subject to the limitation period stipulated in Article 66 of the Environmental Protection Law.

　　　　　　　　Article 18 This interpretation is applicable to the trial of civil cases that cause damage due to environmental pollution and ecological destruction, except as otherwise provided by laws and judicial interpretations for environmental civil public interest litigation cases.

　　　　　　　　This interpretation does not apply to disputes over adjacent pollution infringement and disputes over workers’ pollution damage in their professional activities.

　　　　　　　　Article 19 After the implementation of this interpretation, the provisions of this interpretation shall apply to cases of first and second instance that have not been concluded by the people’s courts. This interpretation does not apply to cases that have already made effective judgments before the implementation of this interpretation, and if they are retried according to law after the implementation of this interpretation.

　　　　　　　　After the implementation of this interpretation, if the judicial interpretation previously promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court is inconsistent with this interpretation, it will no longer apply.　 　 　　

1905 movie network news The world’s first "Belt and Road" film released a set of "background color" version of the theme poster on April 15th. This group of posters integrates ordinary people from all over the world into the Chinese style ink painting picture, showing the international vision and oriental charm contained in the film, and at the same time playing a blend of ordinary people’s small dreams and the great times.

"Common Destiny", which appeared at the Venice Film Festival in 2018, has an international gold production team: the winner of the three-time British Academy Award, and the screenwriter Guy Hibert is the screenwriter; By the film chief planner, producer, Professor Lei Jianjun of Tsinghua University as the planner; The core photography team of BBC documentary "Human Planet" was blessed all the time. Among them, Robin Cox and Matthew Norman, who are the main photographers, are world-renowned photographers who won the Emmy Award and won the Oscar documentary award. In addition, Zhu Lin, the best editor of the Golden Horse Award (work "Don’t Ask West East", etc.), served as the editing director of the film, and she is also the hottest gold scissorhands in China at present; The director team consists of six senior documentary directors who have won the Oscar documentary award, the Silk Road Film Festival documentary award and the Emmy award. Once the film information was released, it was strongly expected by the global audience.

　The "background color" version of the character theme poster writes the color of life and touches the dream temperature.

The "background color" version of the poster exposed in "Common Destiny" takes black and white ink lines as the main body, capturing the vivid stories of five characters in the film: the truck driver who loves photography and the niece who is rebellious in literature and art embark on a journey to rebuild hope together; A Kenyan girl in a mountain village pursues her dream of painting with a train to Nairobi. The last Spanish handmade papermaking old man went to China to find the source of papermaking; Xinjiang boy didn’t give up his dream of basketball, trained hard and finally won the opportunity to meet his idol Yao Ming. In order to break away from the shackles of tradition, Jordanian female college students regain their self-worth by hitting a wall again and again. The profile of multiple characters and life fragments are organically integrated, interwoven into a moving picture of a magnificent community of human destiny.

The use of ink and wash elements in posters shows the unique beauty of artistic conception. Like the characters in the film "Common Destiny", the ink brush strokes that come out are endless and contain endless vitality. It is noteworthy that, starting from the experiences of these little people, the film not only shows the achievements of the "One Belt, One Road" program to promote global cooperation and win-win from the perspective of ordinary people, but also expresses deep and warm humanistic care through the film. Although the living environment, situation, state and culture are different, these real stories in the world are common in their difficulties, setbacks and feelings of loss. They are looking for happiness, pursuing ideals and creating the future.

Beijing International Film Festival focuses on promoting the global vision of the project and focusing on the "China Program"

As the world’s first "One Belt, One Road" film, "Common Destiny" not only has a far-reaching theme, but also shows Chinese’s concern about human destiny and the story of interpreting the world. It also sets its eyes gently on each individual, depicting the layers of connections and common prosperity between them, which is even closer in today’s globalization.

The film has already shone on the international stage of the Venice Film Festival to attract the attention of the world audience. At the grand promotion meeting held locally, it introduced the world’s first "Belt and Road" film to media people, filmmakers and audiences from more than 30 countries, and gained numerous attention and praise.

The film’s master returned to China with "Common Destiny". At this Beijing International Film Festival, the international influence story of "China Plan" will be told to the audience in China, which is even more profound. The first professional international shooting team, led by Chinese, crossed Asia and Africa, overcame various obstacles such as extreme climate and language barrier, and brought back stories belonging to ordinary people to the public. The sincerity and dreams flashing in the film will surely infect every audience in the world.

　　To promote the building of a community of human destiny by building the Belt and Road together as a practical platform, we must persist in building the Belt and Road into a road of peace, prosperity, openness, innovation and civilization, and build the Belt and Road together into a new international platform for China to carry out the most extensive cooperation with other countries in the new era.

　　The second "Belt and Road" international cooperation summit forum will be held soon. The world will once again focus on China in the new era and witness another important milestone in jointly promoting the building of a community of human destiny on the platform of "Belt and Road" construction.

　　China’s plan to improve global governance

　　Today’s world is in a great change that has never happened in a century. The trend of peaceful cooperation, openness and accommodation, and the trend of reform and innovation are rolling forward. The ties between countries have never been so close, the people of the world have never been so eager for a better life, and the means for mankind to overcome difficulties have never been so rich. At the same time, however, the number, scale and depth of global problems facing mankind are unprecedented, and unstable, uncertain and unsafe factors emerge one after another, with peace deficit, development deficit, governance deficit and trust deficit prominent. Faced with this situation, mankind has two choices: one is vicious competition for power and profit, or even confrontation, which is likely to bring a disastrous crisis; The other is to conform to the development trend of the times, and Qi Xin will work together to meet the challenges and carry out global cooperation, which will create a bright future for common development of mankind. China’s plan is to promote the building of a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice, win-win cooperation and a community of human destiny. The "One Belt, One Road" initiative put forward by the Supreme Leader General Secretary is to practice the concept of a community of human destiny. This is not only the original intention of this initiative, but also the highest goal that I hope to achieve through this initiative.

　　The "Belt and Road" construction is based on the reality that countries are hard to be immune to various challenges in the era of globalization and interdependence. It conforms to the inherent requirements of the reform of the global governance system, promotes countries to connect with each other’s policies, integrates economic factors and development resources on a larger scale around the world, forms and expands synergies, and jointly improves the global governance system and mechanism to achieve world peace and common development and prosperity. The ancient Silk Road, which runs through Wan Li for thousands of years, has long proved that countries with different races, beliefs, cultural backgrounds and different stages of development can fully share peace and common development as long as they adhere to the Silk Road spirit with peaceful cooperation, openness and tolerance, mutual learning and mutual benefit as the core. Today’s "Belt and Road" construction is to learn and carry forward this enlightenment, wisdom and strength, to explore this precious heritage of human civilization, to show the sense of community in the same boat, to share responsibilities and responsibilities, to adhere to dialogue and consultation, to build and share, to win-win cooperation, to exchange and learn from each other, to focus on policy communication, facilities connectivity, smooth trade, financial intermediation and people-to-people communication, and to promote countries to strengthen political mutual trust, economic integration and humanities exchange.

　　The core content of the "Belt and Road" construction is to promote infrastructure construction and interconnection, promote the mutual docking of national policies and development strategies, deepen pragmatic cooperation, promote coordinated and coordinated development, and jointly open up brighter prospects. It begins with economic cooperation initiatives, and is not limited to economic cooperation. It is also an important way to improve the global development model and global governance, and promote the healthy development of economic globalization. It is also a global public product jointly created by all parties. In the six years’ practice, the "Belt and Road" has crossed Africa, connected Asia and Europe, and extended Latin America and the Caribbean, and the "circle of friends" has become wider and wider, and all interested countries have joined in. The cooperation under the framework of "Belt and Road" is increasingly diversified, covering various fields and taking various forms. This has fully demonstrated and will continue to fully demonstrate that the "Belt and Road" construction is an open and inclusive process, which is open to all like-minded countries and does not exclude or target any party; It is not to close the door to engage in an exclusive circle or "China Club"; Not to engage in geopolitical alliances or military alliances; We will not draw ideological boundaries, engage in zero-sum games, and do not buy and sell things that are superior to others. It is precisely because of this that since the Supreme Leader General Secretary put forward the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, more and more countries have responded enthusiastically and actively participated.The China program of global governance is releasing more and more powerful appeal and leading power.

　　Major measures to create a new pattern of all-round opening up in the new era

　　The "One Belt, One Road" initiative originated in China, and it was "developed". From a global perspective, China more consciously coordinated the two overall domestic and international situations, and comprehensively planned major strategic initiatives for all-round opening-up and top-level design of economic diplomacy. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has proposed to lead development with new development concepts, one of which is open development. With Socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era, the situation of international economic cooperation and competition is undergoing profound changes, and the global economic governance system and rules are facing major adjustments. China’s introduction and going abroad are incomparable in depth, breadth and pace, and the pressure to cope with external economic risks and safeguard national economic security is also incomparable in the past. On the whole, China’s opening-up level is not high enough, and its ability to make good use of international and domestic markets and resources is not strong enough. Its ability to cope with international economic and trade frictions and win the right to speak in international economy is still weak, and its ability to apply international economic and trade rules is not strong enough, so it needs to be made up quickly. To this end, China must adapt to the endogenous requirements of economic development, insist on paying equal attention to bringing in and going out, strengthen open development, focus on solving the problem of internal and external linkage of development, and improve the quality of opening up and the internal and external linkage of development. This requires China to adhere to the basic national policy of opening to the outside world, pursue a win-win opening strategy, deepen humanities exchanges, improve the regional layout, foreign trade layout and investment layout of opening to the outside world, and form a new system of opening to the outside world.Develop an open economy at a higher level, so as to expand openness to drive innovation, promote reform and promote development. At the same time, it also requires China to actively guide the global economic agenda, safeguard the multilateral trading system, accelerate the implementation of the free trade zone strategy, improve the level of trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, and strive to assume international responsibilities and obligations commensurate with China’s capabilities and status.

　　According to this guiding ideology, to promote the "Belt and Road" construction in the new era, China should focus on improving the level of opening up to the outside world, enhancing its ability to participate in international competition, forcing it to change its economic development mode and adjust its economic structure, and striving to expand new space for reform and development. This requires the integration of the Belt and Road construction with the newly planned and previously existing major development and opening-up plans in China, including the comprehensive integration of the Belt and Road construction with national strategies such as the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the construction of 12 pilot free trade zones, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta region, and the construction of a maritime power. It will be deeply integrated with the development and opening up of the western region, the overall revitalization of the Northeast, the rise of the central region, the development of the eastern region, and the development of border ethnic areas, so as to promote the opening up of the central and western regions and the Northeast region on a larger scale and at a higher level, help the inland border areas to become the frontier of opening up, and promote the extension of China’s open space from the coast, along the Yangtze River to the inland and along the border, forming a new all-round opening pattern of land and sea linkage, two-way mutual assistance between east and west, and linkage development between east, west and central. From 2014 to now, China has formulated and released a series of plans, suggestions and ideas, including the Strategic Plan for the Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, the Vision and Action for Promoting the Joint Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, and the Belt and Road Initiative.Assumption of Building Maritime Cooperation "and" Action Plan for Building the Belt and Road by Standard Unicom "(2018— 2020) "Building the Belt and Road Together: Concept, Practice and Contribution of China", etc., as well as various supporting plans and work ideas issued by relevant localities, departments, industries and enterprises; Promote the establishment of Silk Road Fund, BRICS New Development Bank, contingency reserve arrangement, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and China — Central and Eastern European financial holding companies, banking consortia and other related financial support institutions, as well as related working mechanisms in other fields. After tamping the foundation and erecting beams with columns, the overall layout of the "Belt and Road" has been completed and a "freehand brushwork" has been painted.

　　A huge cooperation platform for common development and prosperity.

　　Promoting the construction of a community of human destiny by building the "Belt and Road" as a practical platform is put forward from the perspective of China’s reform, opening up and long-term development, which is in line with the Chinese nation’s concept of "One World" and Chinese’s view of a harmonious and harmonious world; It also occupies the international moral high ground and leads the new development of regional integration, cross-regional cooperation and economic globalization. Its opportunities and achievements belong to the world. For the world, China takes the "Belt and Road" construction as an opportunity, focusing on building mutually beneficial cooperation networks, new cooperation models and diversified cooperation platforms, focusing on transnational interconnection, improving the level of trade and investment cooperation, promoting international cooperation in production capacity and equipment manufacturing, and gradually forming regional cooperation from point to area, connecting points to line, from line to line, step by step and for a long time. This is essentially to combine China’s development with that of countries along the route. Especially under the background that the world economy continues to be in a downturn, and the vast number of developing countries are accelerating industrialization and urbanization to achieve economic independence and national rejuvenation, China conforms to the desire of all countries, especially the vast number of developing countries, to promote peace and development, firmly grasps the key direction, focuses on key regions, key countries and key projects, and grasps the greatest common denominator of development, so that the huge production capacity and construction capacity formed under the pro-cycle can go out.Supporting the urgent needs of developing countries along the route to promote industrialization, modernization and improve the level of infrastructure will help stabilize the current world economic situation. This not only benefits our people, but also benefits people along the route and even the whole world. It also enriches the concept of international economic cooperation and the connotation of multilateralism, and opens up a new path for promoting world economic growth and achieving common development.

　　After six years of joint efforts, the construction of the "Belt and Road" has been transformed from concept to action, from vision to reality, and it is moving towards the stage of taking root, lasting development, and drawing exquisite and meticulous "meticulous painting" with relevant countries. As an active advocate, promoter and practitioner of the "Belt and Road" construction, China will, on the basis of maintaining the existing healthy and benign development momentum, take advantage of the situation and follow the trend to promote the transformation of the "Belt and Road" to high-quality development. This requires adhering to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability, implementing the new development concept, concentrating efforts and integrating resources, focusing on the construction of major projects such as infrastructure and capacity cooperation, and solving key issues such as major projects, financial support, investment environment, risk management and control, and safety guarantee, so as to form more visible results, accumulate mountains and little drops of water make an ocean, and promote this work to go deeper and deeper, and be stable and far-reaching.

　　To this end, China will firmly adhere to the principle of discussing, building and sharing, go hand in hand with countries along the route, borrow from each other, cooperate in openness and win-win cooperation, and do not draw land as a prison, set high thresholds, engage in exclusive arrangements, and oppose protectionism; Promote dialogue among relevant countries to resolve differences, resolve disputes through consultation, jointly safeguard regional security and stability, and create a peaceful and stable environment for the construction of the "Belt and Road". Based on the connection points and similarities of the development strategies of countries along the route, China will dock development strategies and development plans with all parties, learn from each other, establish a policy coordination mechanism, jointly formulate cooperation plans, and jointly take cooperative actions to form a situation of planning convergence, development integration and benefit sharing. At the same time, China will also promote the cooperation of relevant countries in the construction of the "Belt and Road", coordinate with the implementation of the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and coordinate with international and regional development plans such as the G 20, APEC, ASEAN, AU, Eurasian Economic Union, EU and CELAC, and strive to complement each other and promote each other. China will also rely on the project to deepen pragmatic cooperation with all parties, including promoting the construction of large land passages such as railways and highways, accelerating the construction of offshore ports, and improving oil and gas pipelines, power transmission and communication networks; Vigorously promote the construction of economic corridors, run economic, trade and industrial cooperation parks well, further promote investment, aggregate industries, promote employment, and take the road of innovation and development; Promote the construction of free trade zones and strengthen the compatibility of rules and standards systems.Provide a better business environment and mechanism guarantee, and fully release the positive effects of interconnection; Expand financing channels, innovate financing methods, reduce financing costs, and get through the key link of financing; Carry out in-depth exchanges and cooperation in the humanities field, make cooperation more inclusive, make the foundation of cooperation more solid, and let the general public become the main force and beneficiaries of the "Belt and Road" construction. In this way, the Belt and Road Initiative can be built into a road of peace, prosperity, openness, innovation and civilization, and a new international platform for China to carry out the most extensive cooperation with other countries in the new era, so that the Belt and Road Initiative will continue to release its leading effect, add new impetus to the common development of the world, expand new space and inject strong impetus into building a community of human destiny.

　　[The author is Gao Zugui, a professor at the Institute of International Strategy of the Central Party School (National School of Administration)]

Text | Zhenxin Editorial Department Li Xiaonan

Editor | Yang Zhenxin

In late September, 2020, a user of "Anti-pressure Back Pot" of Million Bar told a story in his post that his mother sold her house to raise money because she couldn’t afford the bride price, and her sister who went to high school was not distressed, but also excitedly told the landlord "Brother, our family has money" on WeChat. The post quickly formed a high popularity in the bar, and the screenshots in the article were widely spread in major platforms. Countless netizens were moved and called "broken defense".

This is Baidu Post Bar’s latest outing, and the Chinese Internet has once again seen the powerful cultural creation and communication power of this ancient behemoth in the online community.

But many years ago, the post bar didn’t need this kind of broken circle, it was the biggest circle itself. At that time, half of the online buzzwords came from post bars every year, and their monthly activities accounted for half of the total number of netizens. Time has passed, and the king of the PC era has gradually declined in the era of mobile Internet. The reason is the evolution of the environment and the limitations of the product itself, but more is the blind pursuit and evil thoughts of the product leaders.

Now, it’s old, can you still eat?

The pinnacle of grassroots culture

On December 3, 2003, Baidu Post Bar was officially launched. Some people said that it was inspired by Li Yanhong’s idea of "building an online interest exchange platform with search engines". Others said that when Jun Yu searched the logs, he found that many users were searching for the same keyword, so he conceived to aggregate these people into an interest community.

As soon as it went online, Post Bar became popular because of its simple interface, low speech threshold and unique product form. At that time, Baidu’s main business was search engine, but search only grabbed and presented the existing information on the Internet, but it could not create content itself. The appearance of Post Bar made Baidu have the ability to produce its own content, which made up for the lack of Internet content at that time, and its proportion in Baidu traffic quickly increased from 1% to 11% later.

In 2004, the player Li Yi became popular because of the phrase "I protect the ball like Henry", and was called "Li Yi the Great". Li Yi Bar, the largest bar in Baidu Post Bar named after him, was also established. Later, due to Li Yi’s flamboyant style, more and more black powder poured into Li Yi Bar, and a unique "connotation" culture was formed, that is, various PS pictures, jokes and pranks were used to express their views on social current affairs.

The real rise of Post Bar was in 2005, when the phenomenal talent show "Super Girl" exploded, and fans began to hold a group discussion in their idol bars after the show was broadcast. At that time, there was no Weibo, and fans who had nowhere to go poured into Post Bar, which formed a huge flow. At the beginning of 2005, the number of users of Post Bar exceeded 10 million, and at the end of the year it soared to 30 million, surpassing Sina to become the largest Chinese website in the world.

On June 21st, 2007, a conflict broke out between Li Yi Bar and Chris Lee Bar. A large number of users of Li Yi Bar rushed into Chris Lee Bar to brush posts crazily, which caused Chris Lee Bar to explode more than 2,000 pages of meaningless content, making it paralyzed for a time. In the end, Chris Lee Bar suspended posting, and several bar owners members of Li Yi Bar were withdrawn. This is the first "expedition" of "Diba" and the first explosion in the history of Post Bar.

In the next few years, Li Yiba organized several "expeditions", but unlike the first "fighting" in the circle, most of the later explosions were just. For example, in August 2007, Rainie Yang Bar was exploded because Rainie Yang was suspected of insulting China and Nanjing Massacre martyrs. In May, 2008, some dance troupe players insulted the victims of Wenchuan earthquake, and the dance troupe bar was exploded.

From 2004 to 2010, the post bar at this stage was at its peak, and a large number of netizens from grass roots gathered in different post bars with their interests, producing numerous high-quality posts and settling them down, hence the name "Louvre on the Chinese Internet".

At this time, the post bar is the representative of the grassroots culture of the Internet. In this highly decentralized community where everyone is equal without hierarchy, countless lonely souls have found a sense of belonging. Bar friends are highly creative and enthusiastic, and these online buzzwords, such as diaosi, baifumei, Xi Da Pu Ben, Pipi Shrimp Let’s Go and Ignorance, are all born out of post bar culture.

Li Yanhong once said in an interview: "We just want to do our own thing in a down-to-earth manner and build Baidu into a place that can bring a sense of belonging to netizens." At this time, the post bar was really done.

When the giant slowly falls

No one thought that the infinitely brilliant post bar in the PC era would be "dead" in the era of mobile Internet.

In 2009, "God of Products", Baidu Post Bar and Jun Yu, the father of Baidu Know, left Baidu. In 2010, when Google left China, Baidu quickly ate Google’s market share, and a year later, its market value surpassed Tencent to become the top Internet company in China. Baidu, which has fallen into unprecedented loneliness, urgently needs to tell a new growth story, so it internally puts forward a long-term strategic goal of reaching 100 billion revenue within ten years.

After this strategic goal was put forward, it was widely valued by high-level and investors, and the long-term goal was continuously subdivided into KPI and distributed to various departments. At that time, Post Bar was a typical "traffic, no revenue", coupled with the high server cost due to high user volume and high activity, Baidu hoped that Post Bar could bear more responsibility for growth, and even put forward the slogan "How can it become an independent business unit without revenue?" Everything was in line with KPI. Post bar has thus embarked on its decline.

In the fourth quarter of 2011, the new version of Post Bar was released for public beta, and the bar owners audit system was cancelled when it was originally added to Post Bar, and it became click attention; At the same time, the hierarchy and experience system are introduced, and users can increase their experience value by logging in, posting, replying and other operations, so as to improve the level of posting.

A series of revisions have greatly improved the number and activity of users. However, the product logic of Post Bar is very unique: unlike today’s content products that use subscription system and recommendation algorithm to achieve the effect of "thousands of people and thousands of faces", the post bar pages are sorted according to the latest reply time of posts. Different users enter the same post at the same time and see the same content, which makes the post bar very public, and some stalks are very easy to form explosive points, resulting in great influence and even out of the circle.

However, this model also causes crowding and competition among contents. When many users start posting meaningless posts and pictures for experience, the content quality of the post bar will also decline.

In 2012, with the popularity of mobile Internet, Post Bar officially started its "self-destructive commercialization" process. Baidu requires bar owners, who has no salary, to bear the KPI of user growth and activity, and not to be dismissed or airborne in bar owners; In September, it was officially launched to promote the Post Bar, namely, the advertisement of the headline, the advertisement of the topic list page and the advertisement of the electronic details page. However, the excessive force led to too many advertisements on the page, which further reduced the visibility of the page. Since then, the content quality of Post Bar has been declining, but the overall afterglow still exists. In 2012, the number of netizens in China was 564 million, and the monthly activity of Post Bar was 200 million, accounting for more than one third.

In 2015, Baidu found that the commercialization attempts in recent years did not change the loss situation of Post Bar, so it finally made the worst decision in the history of Post Bar and even Chinese Internet: sell it.

An insider of Baidu once said when recalling this period of history: "Then, some people began to focus on the authority of bar owners. At first, there was a fierce internal argument, saying that this thing could not be sold, but the final outcome was known to everyone. Anyway, there are many internal objections, but let’s take advantage of the word. "

In March 2015, the infamous Baidu partner system was launched. When a merchant becomes a partner of Post Bar, he can have all the rights of bar owners, such as deleting posts, monitoring public opinion and initiating activities in the bar.

Baidu chose the former between interests and morality, which also brought bad consequences to society and Post Bar itself. In January, 2016, the news that "Hemophilia Bar" was sold gradually spread. The original bar owners was removed, and the airborne bar owners paid for the right to operate. A place where patients gathered for warmth for nearly ten years became a victim of over-commercialization. Later, netizens found that many medical-related post bars were sold by Baidu. Coupled with the Wei Zexi incident that occurred in the same year, the public image of Baidu and Post Bar plummeted and has not recovered yet. The Baidu partner system was also cancelled after the incident.

A series of events in 2016 marked the decline of Baidu and Post Bar, and since then Post Bar has never recovered. Later, with the admission of the regulatory authorities, Post Bar strengthened its internal audit management. In 2019, Post Bar officially banned all posts before 2017 on the grounds of "data system upgrade", and some of them were unsealed after a period of time, but some early posts that had settled down were deleted.

In March 2015, an organization gave data: the user activity of Post Bar is 1.8 times that of Weibo, and the number of monthly users is 300 million, exceeding Twitter; By February 2019, its monthly activity was only 46.08 million. One year later, this figure became 37.43 million, ranking 101 on the APP list. Post Bar completely lost its former glory.

Does Baidu still have a choice?

The direct reason for the decline of Post Bar lies in its extremely failed commercialization, but the root cause of commercialization failure is not only the deviation of Baidu’s values, but also the limitations of Post Bar itself. To be precise, the product form of Post Bar determines that it must face many difficulties in the process of commercialization.

There are two types of social interaction, one based on "relationship" and the other based on "theme". The core of the former lies in the construction of interpersonal relationship, and WeChat and Momo are typical products. The core of the latter is to gather a group of people who are interested in this topic by relying on the "theme", so as to generate communication and form interpersonal relationships. Post Bar is the leader of this kind of products.

When the recommendation algorithm continues to push the highly homogeneous information flow named "thousands of people and thousands of faces", Post Bar is truly "interest-centered". Any niche hobby can find its own gathering place and partner in Post Bar, and most users in the bar have a certain understanding of the theme, so it is very easy for anyone to get informative feedback when speaking in the bar. This product mechanism makes Post Bar have extremely strong content creation ability and high activity, and at the same time, it also produces a culture of absolute equality and high decentralization.

However, although this cultural atmosphere is conducive to content production, it is not conducive to product commercialization. Because a high degree of equality and decentralization means scattered traffic, it is difficult for KOL and professional content creators to stand out from ordinary users and get a lot of attention. Weibo, bilibili, Xiaohongshu and other content communities have a group of "big V" who rely on their own content to attract fans, and finally turn it into cash and undertake the commercialization function of the community. Advertisers and brands can easily carry out marketing activities by relying on them.

However, in Post Bar, high-level users and bar managers do not have much higher traffic and trust value than ordinary users. Coupled with the unique sorting mechanism by response time, brands and advertisers can hardly find a "central node" that can directly reach a large number of target users or provide trust endorsement.

Even if a commercial promotion post is specially opened, it is difficult to attract traffic and heat, and it will soon be buried in the information flow. What’s more, there are a large number of knowledgeable users in the bar, and they can see at a glance whether the promoted products are good or not. It is not a problem to spray inferior products for hundreds of floors in minutes. All these make the commercialization of Post Bar extremely difficult.

But does Baidu really have no choice?

The difficulty in realizing the content community has always been a long-standing problem in the Internet field. The unique product mechanism and community atmosphere of Post Bar make it more difficult to commercialize than ordinary content products by several factors, but does Baidu have no other choice but to sell it? I’m afraid not.

First of all, the traffic of Post Bar itself is large enough, and the aggregation logic based on interest also makes many Post Bar have a very active second-hand trading market. Baidu may refer to the model of Aauto Quicker and salted fish to establish an official trading platform to draw as the income base; Or social interest itself has a lot of imagination. When major dating apps are racking their brains to match users with the same interests, Post Bar has long had a unique advantage in this respect.

Furthermore, even if Post Bar is really unprofitable, it is of great strategic significance to Baidu. If Post Bar is not dead, Baidu will have a traffic treasure on a par with Weibo and bilibili, which will have a great synergy with other businesses, at the very least, it will not create a "hundred number" that it can’t afford.

Selling it is the last choice, because in the long run, the negative effect of selling it is far greater than the positive significance.

The current post bar is in a very embarrassing situation-it is a product with hope but no future.

Although the Post Bar has declined, the skinny camel is bigger than the horse. It still has a monthly life of tens of millions, a large number of high-quality content and old users scattered in every corner of the Internet. The incident of "Our family is rich" also proves that its powerful stalk-making ability is still there. If we can make some innovations, it may not be hopeless.

However, Post Bar, which hasn’t brought much revenue, has become a marginal business in all in AI and Baidu with smart cars. It doesn’t have much resources to make changes related to the underlying architecture, and it can only be like an old warrior. He died slowly and painfully in the corner alone.

The history of the rise and fall of Baidu Post Bar is worthy of reflection by all content platforms, to think about how to find a balance between user experience, content quality and commercialization, to understand the social responsibility that C-end products must bear due to their natural social attributes, and to reflect on the disastrous consequences when KPI becomes the only goal.

In 2016, an insider of Baidu once said after the hemophilia bar incident: "It’s not too late for Baidu to mend today, and even posting it is not necessarily a bad thing for Baidu. Tencent in that year was also openly written on the cover by an Internet magazine, which led to later reflection and Tencent’s open platform, and today’s Tencent."

It’s not too late to mend after it’s too late, but it depends on whether Baidu cares about the life or death of that sheep.

* References:

"A vivid history of the decline of post bars", nine commandments of pigs

Why has Baidu Post Bar become a "hidden corner" of the Internet? ",Leng Sizhen

"In addition to straight men, who still misses the post bar? ",alphabetical list

You don’t know the development history of "Post Bar", Lan Xi.

Listening to insiders reveal the realization of Baidu Post Bar, three lessons.

　　On September 14th, Mercedes-Benz officially withdrew from the shareholders of Tengshi Automobile, and its 10% equity of Tengshi Automobile was officially transferred to.This means that Tengshi Automobile has become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Group Holding. According to the plan, Tengshi Automobile’s equity adjustment will be completed within this year. In the future, Tengshi Automobile does not rule out cooperation with Mercedes-Benz in other sections.

　　In 2010, Tengshi Automobile was established with Mercedes-Benz holding 50% shares respectively. At the beginning of its establishment,The automobile market environment is not yet mature, and the development of Tengshi automobile is not smooth. From 2014 to 2018, Tengshi Automobile successively released Tengshi 300, Tengshi 400 and Tengshi 500, a total of three models, but the sales volume has been poor. In 2018, Tengshi only sold 1,974 vehicles, down 58.12% year-on-year. In the past five years, Tengshi has been relying on the "blood transfusion" of both shareholders to survive. Both shareholders have increased their capital seven times, and the accumulated capital increase has exceeded 4 billion yuan.

　　At that time, Tengshi sales channels were divided into joint distributors and franchised distributors, totaling over 50. Due to factors such as insufficient output and sales volume, Tengshi’s dealers are facing greater operational challenges. Therefore, since July 1, 2019, Mercedes-Benz has been officially responsible for Tengshi sales, marketing and brand communication, customer service and network development. However, Tengshi, as a joint venture brand, has never been able to boost sales and its brand awareness is not high.

　　Until 2021, Tengshi Automobile ushered in a turning point. In December of that year, BYD expanded its shareholding in Tengshi, and the shareholding ratio increased from 50% to 90%, while the shareholding ratio of Mercedes-Benz decreased to 10%. At this point, BYD started the all-round reform of Tengshi automobile technology, products and channels, and positioned Tengshi automobile.Brand.

　　According to the brand matrix layout, Tengshi Automobile aims at the passenger car market in the range of 300,000 yuan to 800,000 yuan, which needs to play a key role in the BYD brand matrix.

　　In August 2022, Tengshi D9 was officially listed, and the starting price fell within the range of 320,000 yuan, becoming the main sales force of Tengshi Automobile. In 2023, the cumulative sales volume of Tengshi automobile reached 127,800, and Tengshi D9 accounted for more than 93% of the total sales volume. According to the latest data, from January to August 2024, Tengshi Automobile sold a total of 79,894 vehicles, of which Tengshi D9 sold about 71,200 vehicles, down 8.8% compared with 77,900 vehicles last year.

　　At present, the competition in MPV market is becoming more and more fierce. In August, in the top 10 MPV sales list, independent brands occupied 6 seats, and Tengshi D9′ s total sales volume was 9,181, ranking first, Chuanqi E8, Lantu Dreamer,009 and other independent brands.The model B was changed to the market, and the sales volume increased steadily. At the same time, joint venture models such as Saina, Buick GL8 and Grevia closely followed Tengshi D9 sales. In that month, Tengshi D9 DM-i sold 8722 vehicles and Saina sold 8107 vehicles, a difference of 615 vehicles.

　　In addition to selling the main MPV models, Tengshi has successively launched SUV models such as N7 and N8. The total sales volume of N7 and N8 models from January to August this year was about 8,600, accounting for about 10% of the total sales volume of Tengshi vehicles. In order to boost sales, Tengshi Automobile continued to launch products this year. Tengshi Z9 will be launched on September 20th, with the goal of seizing 30% of the market of "56E" (BMW 5 Series, Audi A6 and Mercedes-Benz E-Class). In 2024, Tengshi Automobile set a sales target of 200,000 vehicles, and 40% of the target has been completed. This year, Tengshi Automobile has opened the dealer joining mode and intends to explore the secondary and tertiary markets. In the remaining four months, it remains to be seen whether Tengshi can achieve its annual sales target.

　 　 [Aika Auto Daily Car Original] 　

　 　 "Our car uses a timing chain, which is safe to use, will not break, and will be maintenance-free for life. Compared with the model using a timing belt, it can save thousands of dollars every 60,000 kilometers. Sir, why don’t you consider it?" After listening to the sales, it is estimated that many people choose cars and go to the timing chain. But is the timing chain really that magical? Let’s look down.

　 　 Before we get to the point, let’s talk about what timing is. Timing is the time when the intake valve and exhaust valve of the engine open. When the intake valve opens, fresh air will enter the cylinder alive, and at this time, the exhaust valve will also discharge the exhaust gas, and the opening time of the intake valve and exhaust valve must coincide to some extent. Only when the whole process is coherent can the engine have good power output, so timing is very important for the engine.

　 　 What can ensure the stable operation of the timing system is what we usually call timing belt and timing chain. They all serve the timing system. Why do you say that the chain is better than the belt? What’s the difference between the two brothers? Let’s talk about the advantages and disadvantages of timing belt and timing chain.

　 　 It’s also true that others say that the timing chain has a strong and durable innate advantage, so you don’t have to worry about it being "in disrepair", and you don’t have to worry about it falling off the chain when you are in a hurry, even if your car is out of warranty in a 4S shop, you don’t have to miss it like a timing belt.

　 　 But the old saying goes well: "Nothing in this world is perfect". Therefore, the timing chain is not good everywhere. When the total mileage of your car reaches 100,000 kilometers, the shortcomings of the timing chain begin to appear. 100,000 kilometers is a hurdle. Before 100,000, it was beautiful, and after 100,000, it was an old lady.

　 　 At this time, the friction between the timing chain and the transmission wheel is getting more and more serious, and you can clearly hear the metal friction sound coming from the engine compartment. If you want to replace the timing chain, the money you saved for 100 thousand kilometers will be wasted, and you have to put some in it.

　 　 So the timing belt will be much more affordable, and the sound of rubber products rubbing against metal is very small. After passing through the sound insulation layer of the engine compartment, the noise can be ignored. Moreover, the friction between rubber products and metal is also small, and the transmission resistance of the belt is small, which can ensure the normal power output and acceleration performance of the engine. It should be noted that we should also take care of our own hands and feet, and bad habits such as frequent rapid acceleration and high-speed gear shifting will affect the service life of the belt.

　 　 The life of the timing belt is limited, and when it is exposed outside the engine, the surface of the belt will age, crack, belt slip and other problems will follow. The aging and fracture of the belt will lead to the engine top valve, and seriously, the valve, piston and crankshaft will be scrapped.

　 　 Editor’s comment:Timing belt and timing chain have their own advantages and disadvantages, depending on how you choose. I think if the timing chain can solve the problem of noise, it is not a bad choice to use the timing chain for ordinary family cars. Isn’t it a good idea to buy a car? What do you think?

　 　 Related content review:

　 　What, you can’t even change gears? Take a quick look at this place

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