A few days ago, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the National Standards Committee jointly issued the Guidelines for the Construction of National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System (General Requirements), the Guidelines for the Construction of National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System (Information Communication) and the Guidelines for the Construction of National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System (Electronic Products and Services) (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines). In order to better understand and implement the Guide and facilitate the whole industry system to understand this work, the relevant person in charge of the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology interpreted it.

　　Q: What are the considerations behind the publication of the Guide?

　　A: The car networking industry is a new industrial form that relies on information and communication technology to provide comprehensive information services through all-round connection and data interaction between cars, cars and cars, cars and roads, cars and people, and cars and service platforms, forming a deep integration of automobile, electronics, information communication, road transportation and other industries. It is a global innovation hotspot and a commanding height for future development. Vigorously developing the Internet of Vehicles is conducive to the innovative development of the automobile industry, building a new model and format of automobile and transportation services, promoting the development of assisted driving and autonomous driving, improving traffic efficiency, reducing accident rates, saving resources, reducing pollution and further liberating productivity.

　　In recent years, China’s car networking industry has developed rapidly, and the innovation of key technologies has been accelerating. The construction of test and demonstration areas has achieved initial results, and an integrated innovation ecosystem has taken shape, involving the development of many industries such as automobiles, information and communication, and digital transformation in transportation, vehicle management and other fields. In order to achieve full cooperation and strengthen coordination, it is urgent to establish a cross-industry and cross-field standard system that meets the needs of China’s technology and industrial development. To this end, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology organized the compilation and jointly issued the "Guide" with the National Standardization Administration Committee to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the car networking industry and accelerate the development of new technologies and services such as autonomous driving by strengthening standardization.

　　Q: How is the overall structure of the Guide considered?

　　A: Under the framework of national laws, policies and strategic requirements, we should make full use of and integrate the foundations and achievements of various fields and departments in the research field of vehicle networking standards, mobilize all industries to work together to jointly formulate the vehicle networking industry standard system.

　　According to the standardization subject and industry attributes, the Guide is divided into general requirements, intelligent networked vehicles, information and communication, electronic products and services. Among them:

　　The general requirements are the first part of the Guide and the top-level design part of the whole Guide. Mainly put forward the overall standard system structure and construction content of the car networking industry, guide the overall standardization work of the car networking industry, and promote the gradual formation of a unified and coordinated national car networking industry standard system structure.

　　The intelligent networked automobile standard system mainly defines the basic directions such as definition and classification, the general specification directions such as man-machine interface, functional safety and evaluation, and the standard directions related to product and technology applications such as environmental awareness, decision-making early warning, auxiliary control, automatic control and information interaction. According to the construction method of combining the technical logical structure and product physical structure of intelligent networked vehicles, the standard system framework of intelligent networked vehicles is defined as four parts: foundation, general specification, product and technical application, and related standards. At the same time, according to the commonness and difference of each specific standard in content scope and technical level, the four parts are further subdivided to form a subclass with complete content, reasonable structure and clear boundaries.

　　The information and communication standard system is mainly designed for the information and communication technology, network and equipment, and application services of the vehicle networking, and focuses on the research of next-generation information and communication technologies such as LTE-V2X and 5G eV2X, so as to support the related standardization requirements and key directions of the development of the vehicle networking applications. The key standards related to information communication in the vehicle networking industry are divided into three levels: perception layer (end), network layer (tube) and application layer (cloud). Supported by common basic technology and information communication security technology, the architecture is divided according to the way of "end-tube-cloud".

　　The standard system of electronic products and services mainly aims at the standardization of automotive electronic products, vehicle information systems, vehicle information services and platforms that support the industrial chain of vehicle networking, and defines the standardization development direction of vehicle networking electronic products and vehicle information services. Electronic products and services of vehicle networking include basic products, terminals, networks, platforms and services, etc. Through the basic products and terminals, intelligent information of vehicles can be collected and obtained, and driving status and environment can be perceived and processed, so as to realize vehicle information services such as traffic information, navigation service, entertainment information, safe driving, online commerce, emission information and remote control.

　　In the future, the standard system will be dynamically updated, and with the maturity of each part and the needs of the industry, it will be revised, improved and supplemented in time.

　　Q: What process did the Guide go through?

　　A: At the end of 2016, the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with the Equipment Industry Department, the Electronic Information Department, the Information and Software Services Department, the Information and Communication Development Department, the Information and Communication Administration, the Network Security Administration, the Radio Administration and other relevant departments, organized standardization organizations such as china communications standards association, China Electronics Industry Standardization Technical Association and the National Automobile Standardization Technical Committee, as well as domestic experts in the fields of automobiles, electronics, information, communication, Internet, public security and transportation.

　　The Guide is divided into general requirements, intelligent networked vehicles, information and communication, electronic products and services, among which the intelligent networked vehicles part was issued at the end of 2017. After many expert discussions, soliciting opinions from departments and departments within the Ministry and relevant departments, and publicly soliciting opinions from the society, the general requirements, information and communication, and electronic products and services were officially issued in June 2018.

　　Q: What role will the Guide play?

　　A: The Guide will give full play to the top-level design and foundation leading role of standards in the construction of the ecological environment of the car networking industry, accelerate the research and formulation of common foundations, key technologies and urgently needed standards in the industry, and step up the development of standards related to autonomous driving and assisted driving, key technical standards for in-vehicle electronic products, key technical standards for wireless communication, and key technical standards such as LTE-V2X and 5G eV2X for car networking industry applications. Gradually build a cross-industry, cross-field, national car networking industry standard system that meets the needs of China’s technology and industrial development, meet the development needs of industries such as research and development, testing, demonstration and operation, provide support for building an open and collaborative car networking industry with core technologies, and lay a solid foundation for the development of autonomous driving.

　　Q: What will be the next step?

　　A: In the next step, together with relevant departments, we will continue to play the role of the special committee for the development of the car networking industry, which is composed of 20 departments and units including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Transport, and work together to solve problems in policies, regulations, technical standards, infrastructure and management systems, strengthen the regulation and guidance of industrial development, and create an environment conducive to industrial development. Efforts will be made to break through key technologies such as advanced sensors, on-board operating systems and middleware, on-board intelligent processing platforms and automotive chips, strengthen the coverage and application of LTE-V2X wireless communication technology, accelerate the informationization and interface transformation of road infrastructure such as signal lights and traffic signs, accelerate the establishment of an industrial system of vehicle networking, promote the development of autonomous driving, and foster new kinetic energy for economic development.

The Beijing News (Reporter Li Yukun) On April 10th, Singapore intercepted the second batch of pangolin scales in less than a week. These scales weighed 12.7 tons and came from about 21,000 pangolins. Not long ago, China’s customs announced ten typical cases of cracking down on the smuggling of endangered species such as ivory and their products, and many endangered animals and products involved were also from Nigeria.

　

On March 14th, a China girl with an alias of "African Xia" went to Nigeria, Africa for one month at her own expense, exposing the pangolin trade in the local market, in which the Chinese played a disgraceful role.

　

As an animal protection organization, China Green Hair Association is also concerned about the smuggling of pangolins from Nigeria, and has written to relevant parties in Nigeria to promote the protection of pangolins. The reporter learned from the China Green Hair Association that the Nigerian Ministry of Environment has replied to the China Green Hair Association and invited the China Green Hair Association to Nigeria from May 20th to 22nd to discuss the protection and cooperation of pangolin endangered species.

　

Two species of pangolins are distributed in Nigeria.

　

At one time, Chinese pangolins could be seen shuttling through bamboo forests in southern China, looking for nests of ants or termites. However, the number of Chinese pangolin, regarded as medicine and food, has dropped sharply since the 1960s, and it became "commercially extinct" around 1995.

　

There are 8 kinds of pangolins in the world, besides Chinese pangolins, Indian pangolins, Malay pangolins and Philippine pangolins are distributed in Asia. There are four pangolin species in Africa, namely black-bellied long-tailed pangolin, white-bellied long-tailed pangolin, big pangolin and South African pangolin.

　

There are two main species in Nigeria. Pangolin with black belly and long tail is distributed in the southeast of Nigeria. They grow in primary and secondary rainforests, artificial forests (bushes), swamp forests and farmland. The white-bellied long-tailed pangolin mainly inhabits the lowland tropical humid forest in Nigeria, the forest-savanna alternate zone, and in areas where hunting is not carried out, and may also live in cultivated land and fallow land.

　

According to the investigation, two kinds of pangolins, black-bellied pangolins and white-bellied pangolins, were arrested in Nigeria for consumption or trading in the market, and their scales were used as medicine, including traditional African western medicine, and their numbers were declining continuously.

　

Locals don’t eat pangolins.

　

The videos and photos provided by "African Xia" show that it is common for local people to sell pangolins, and it is easy for Chinese people to buy pangolins locally.

　

The number of Chinese in the local area is quite large, exceeding 200,000. After going there, "African Xia" found that Chinese can be seen anytime and anywhere on the street or in shopping malls and supermarkets.

　

The local beliefs are mainly Christianity, Islam and Muslims, and they eat fish, chicken, beef and mutton, but there is little demand for pork and wild animals. Many people who sell pangolins told "African Xia" that most of the pangolins they caught were sold to Chinese because local people don’t eat pangolins. Nigeria is still relatively poor, and Chinese are a relatively rich group in the local area.

　

Although the local virgin forest is decreasing with the increase of human activities, the investigation of "African Xia" found that the local trafficked live pangolins were all arrested in the local forest area. The local temperature is relatively high, reaching 36℃, 37℃ or even higher. If it is shipped from other places, it will die, because pangolins are not resistant to high temperature.

　

Selling in Chinese, a catty of pangolin scales is only sold in 95 yuan.

　

The first wildlife market that "African Xia" went to was in Lagos, and its Chinese name was "Little Fishing Village". "I will never forget this market, and I am also very frightened and surprised. I can only think of what I can’t see."

　

"The small fishing village is far away from where I live, and it was already afternoon when I came here. When my car didn’t stop, the locals came around and said in less fluent Chinese, do you want to buy pangolins? " African Xia said that because it was afternoon, the live pangolins were sold out that day. "There are locals in the market who ask me if I want to buy pangolin scales, and there is a skinned pangolin tail to sell to me."

　

Besides pangolins, this market also sells other wild animals. She saw bustard, lizard, turtle and python on the chopping board.

　

Wild animals sold in the small fishing village market.

　

Later, "African Xia" went to a small fishing village market early. It was a Monday, and the locals told her that if she had come yesterday, she would have bought a lot. "This market is dominated by Sundays, because Chinese people work from Monday to Friday and will come to this market to buy pangolins on Sundays. The locals told me that he sold five on Sunday. "

　

In a video displayed by the African Xia, the local people sold her a live pangolin in fluent Chinese, and said that "as much as you want", the price was "18,000, 16,000 naira, and as many as 15,000 naira".

　

"This person will also sell me pangolin scales, which can provide me with 200 kilograms to 500 kilograms every month. The price is very cheap, 10,000 naira a kilogram, equivalent to about RMB 190 yuan." The African man said.

　

Plus Chinese WeChat promotion, it can be delivered to your door

　

"African Xia" later came to the Moroccan market, which is a relatively large local vegetable market and also sells pangolins.

　

"When I went to this market, a local young man took the initiative to tell me if you want to buy pangolins. And take the initiative to add me to WeChat. I added him to WeChat, and he sent me pictures. " "African Xia" said that after she returned to China, the young man would send her pictures when he caught pangolin, showing reporters the circle of friends and chat records of the local guy.

　

The local WeChat circle of friends shows the pangolins to be sold.

　

Local people sell pangolins to her through WeChat.

　

"African Xia" said with remorse that she made a mistake in this market and failed to save two pangolins.

　

"This young man showed me pictures and said that there are two pangolins today. Do you want them? Can be delivered to your door, a 15 thousand naira. My heart melted. I think if I don’t buy these two pangolins, they will also become someone else’s food. If I buy them, these two pangolins will still live. In fact, I made a low-level mistake. When he delivered it, the pangolin was already dying. Because it’s late, I want to release it tomorrow morning, but before dawn, these two pangolins are dead.

　

The captured pangolin released by the local WeChat circle of friends.

　

"I this makes me very sad, I failed to save them, but become a part of the trafficking chain, I think I made a mistake. I hope others don’t make mistakes like mine. " "African Xia" said.

　

Nigeria’s crackdown

　

In Nigeria, pangolin is actually protected by the highest law.

　

On September 29th, 2016, at the 17th Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES COP 17) held in Johannesburg, South Africa, the proposal to upgrade all eight pangolins from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I was passed. Pangolin enjoys the highest protection under this convention. Nigeria signed and ratified the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In the same year, Nigeria promulgated the Endangered Species Act, which listed pangolin as an endangered species in Appendix 1.

　

Statistics in 2018 show that Nigeria has seized 14,833 tons of pangolin and its scales, worth about 900 million US dollars. According to the General Administration of Customs of Nigeria, the amount of pangolin seized in Nigeria ranks first in the world.

　

Pangolin sold in the game market in Nigeria.

For example, only on March 15th last year, pangolin scales were sold in Ikaijia, Nigeria. 329 bags of pangolin scales weighing 8.4 tons and worth 1.72 billion naira (about RMB 33 million) were found in an apartment in Chinese.

　

As an animal protection organization, China Green Hair Association is also concerned about the smuggling of pangolins from Nigeria, and has written to relevant parties in Nigeria to promote the protection of pangolins. The reporter learned from the China Green Hair Association that the Nigerian Ministry of Environment has replied to the China Green Hair Association and invited the China Green Hair Association to Nigeria from May 20th to 22nd to discuss the protection and cooperation of pangolin endangered species.

　

Huge profits have attracted a lot of smuggling.

　

According to the investigation of "African Xia", the local price of pangolin in Nigeria is about one in 300 yuan, and the pangolin scales in 190 yuan are a kilo (10,000 naira), that is, a kilo in 95 yuan, which is very cheap. In Guangxi, China, at the beginning of 2017, some people openly peddled pangolins on the Internet, with a living body of "1,500 yuan a catty".

　

The huge price difference has attracted many smuggling operations.

　

Since the beginning of this year, many smuggling cases of pangolin have been cracked by customs in many countries. Apart from the pangolin intercepted by Singapore Customs mentioned at the beginning of the article, on February 1 this year, Hong Kong Customs and Mainland Customs took a joint action to crack down on cross-border smuggling of endangered species, and seized about 8,300 kilograms of pangolin scales in a container in the inspection yard of Kwai Chung Customs Building, which was the largest smuggling case ever cracked by Hong Kong Customs. The container was from Nigeria.

　

Nigerian officials previously said that pangolins were not captured in Nigeria, and Nigeria was regarded as a transit point for illegally smuggling pangolins and their products. However, according to the information obtained from the investigation of "African Xia", there are indeed activities of catching and selling pangolins in Nigeria, "200 to 500 kilograms of pangolin scales can be provided in one month".

　

In addition, some pangolins in Nigeria may come from neighboring Cameroon. The investigation results in recent years show that pangolins scales mainly come from southern and eastern Cameroon, and some illegal smugglers have been trafficking pangolins and their products for a long time, mainly supplying the Nigerian market. Statistics on February 22 this year show that Cameroon has seized 20,000 tons of pangolin scales in less than five years.

　

Some people eat pangolin because it is too expensive in China.

　

"African Xia" said that she had asked more than 20 people in Nigeria and they all asked the same question: Is pangolin really delicious?

　

"Their answer is not delicious. Pangolin has a taste that can’t be removed. But why eat it? Some people say that it can improve immunity and prevent malaria, others say that it is anti-cancer, others say that it treats skin diseases and prolactin, and it is said that this thing is aphrodisiac, and men are stronger when they eat it. " "African Xia" said that there are still a few people who said that there are almost no pangolins in China. It’s too expensive in China, and it’s so cheap here, so why not eat them.

　

She feels that in Nigeria, people lack awareness of the protection of pangolins and other endangered wild animals. In some public places such as airports and hotels, there are hardly any advertisements about wildlife protection, reminding Chinese who come to Nigeria to pay attention to the protection of pangolins. African Xia said, "I feel that local Chinese think it is not illegal to eat wild animals, just like eating a chicken and a duck."

　

Medicine is also the reason, and the efficacy needs to be re-examined

　

In traditional Chinese medicine, pangolin can be used as medicine, which also leads to a certain degree of pangolin being killed.

　

Zhou Jinfeng, Secretary-General of China Green Development Association, suggested that the World Health Organization should incorporate traditional medicine into international disease guidelines, which should be based on sustainability and scientificity. He believes that Chinese pangolin is used as medicine in traditional medicine in China, but there is no doubt that the commercial extinction of Chinese pangolin is caused by excessive use and habitat destruction. Therefore, the utilization of wild animals and plants in traditional medicine must strengthen scientific management.

　

"Our ancestors said that pangolin is a traditional Chinese medicine. There are several preconditions. First, pangolin is an inferior medicine, which is toxic and should not be eaten easily. During the rescue of pangolin, we tested it. Pangolin is full of viruses and bacteria, which is very dangerous. Recently, it was reported on the Internet that Yunnan Baiyao can cure many diseases because it contains seven kinds of Chinese medicines, including pangolin. Obviously, there is a mistake in writing. The English version and the Latin version of Yunnan Baiyao all describe Dioscorea nipponica Makino, which is a kind of plant with perennial grass vines and is the main component of Yunnan Baiyao. It is even more nonsense to say that pangolin can strengthen yang, and there is no scientific basis. " Zhou Jinfeng said.

　

An expert from Beijing University of Chinese Medicine also said that the ingredients or medicinal effects of pangolin nail tablets are equivalent to those of human fingernails. In the past, people were too mysterious about the medicinal properties of pangolin, but now most of them are replaced by seaweed and oyster.

　

"A local person can catch ten pangolins a month."

　

"African Xia" said that she was able to summon up such great courage and take risks to investigate in Nigeria, hoping that all Chinese compatriots would not eat pangolins, because pangolins in China are close to extinction. If we continue to eat like this, our descendants can only see such lovely creatures in books.

　

On the afternoon of April 19th, the reporter talked to the wildlife protector "African Xia" who returned from Africa and listened to her talk about the hardships of investigation in Nigeria.

　

Take the police with you in local investigations.

　

Beijing News:When did you go and how long did you stay?

African chivalry:I have been in Nigeria for a month, leaving on March 14th and returning to Beijing on April 14th.

　　　

Beijing News:What made you pay attention to pangolin?

African chivalry:I am also a volunteer for wildlife protection in China, and I have been doing wildlife protection in the front line. Personally, I prefer pangolin, which has been commercially extinct in China. Moreover, in recent years, many pangolin smuggling cases all point to Nigeria, so I decided to go there and have a look.

　　　

Beijing News:Are you in danger over there?

African chivalry:When we go out, we should always take the police with us. After paying the local money for the record, we can send a policeman to protect you. The police all carry guns, because the local public security is very bad, and there are often kidnappings and robberies, many of which are aimed at Chinese. My police confronted others with guns during the investigation, like a big movie scene.

　

Beijing News:Have you encountered any big obstacles or difficulties during your research for a month?　

African chivalry:Once I was sick and didn’t go out to investigate for three or four days. There have been times when Chinese doubted the purpose of my visit and asked me why I asked Pangolin, feeling wary of me.

　　　

Beijing News:In what capacity did you investigate over there?

African chivalry:I have a friend in China who runs a hotel there. I always say that I work in this hotel, otherwise others will be more suspicious of my purpose.

　

The local income is very low, and people who sell pangolins dress better.

　

Beijing News:You went to the "small fishing village" market and the Moroccan market. Are they the only markets that specialize in selling wild animals, or do you sell pangolins in any market in Nigeria?

African chivalry:These two places are quite famous. After I went there, I asked Chinese where I could buy pangolins. These two markets are generally recognized.

　

Pangolin sold in the local market.　　　

　

Beijing News:What else do you sell in these two markets?

African chivalry:The "small fishing village" market is a market dominated by wild animals and fish, near the sea; The Moroccan market is a relatively complete market in the local area, selling vegetables, cigarettes, wine, tea and clothing.

　　　

Beijing News:What is the living standard of people who do business in the market in Nigeria?

African chivalry:It is relatively poor in the local area. On average, the higher average is five or six hundred yuan per person per month, and some people only have a salary of two or three hundred yuan.

　　　

Beijing News:Are these people who sell pangolins better off?

African chivalry:Obviously better, some local people can’t fill their stomachs, but these people who sell pangolins look better in clothes and phones than the local poor.

　

Beijing News:How did they learn Chinese?

African chivalry:Their Chinese is aimed at buyers, but it is not standard but can communicate.

　　　

Beijing News:Have you ever asked how long it takes to catch a pangolin?

African chivalry:I asked a local how many can I catch a month? He said that he can catch about ten a month, not every day, but one person can catch ten a month.

　

I only see Chinese people buying

　

Beijing News:Nigeria is eating pangolins. Only Chinese? Or are Chinese the main group?

African chivalry:All I see is Chinese buying. During the investigation in Africa, I only saw Chinese eating pangolins, but it did not rule out that people from other countries would buy them.

　　　

Beijing News:Do you know the main flow of pangolin smuggling?

African chivalry:As for smuggling, an insider revealed that the smuggling of pangolin scales is mainly by sea, and a large number of them are collected locally, and then transported to various countries, including China, by container sea.

　　　

Beijing News:What do the locals think of these pangolin-loving Chinese?

African chivalry:For these local people who catch and sell pangolins, they think that if you eat, I can make money. The local average salary is five or six hundred. If he catches a pangolin, his monthly income will come out.

　

Beijing News:What do you think is the most important thing to protect pangolin?

African chivalry:The most important thing is to publicize and tell the local Chinese that this is illegal. Many people don’t know that pangolins are also protected by law in Nigeria. They think that it is not illegal to eat pangolins in China.

　

Beijing News reporter Li Yukun　

Editor Jia Wencheng proofreads Lu Aiying.

The pictures and videos in this article are provided by "African Xia"

　

　

Hang Zheng Ban Han [2008] No.211

District and county (city) people’s governments, municipal government departments and directly affiliated units:

Developed by the Municipal Price BureauMeasures for further improving the management of motor vehicle parking fees in Hangzhou urban area"has been approved by the municipal government and is now forwarded to you, please follow the implementation.

General Office of Hangzhou Municipal People’s Government　　　　

　

Press release issued on 5 June 2008

　　

On further improving motor vehicles in Hangzhou urban area

Measures for the implementation of parking fee management

(Municipal Price Bureau, May 29th, 2008)

　

In order to further solve the "parking difficulty", strengthen the management of motor vehicle parking fees in Hangzhou urban area, standardize the charging behavior, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of parking lot operators and vehicle parking people, and promote the healthy and orderly development of the parking industry, according to the provisions of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Price Law and other laws and regulations, the following implementation measures are proposed to improve the management of motor vehicle parking fees in Hangzhou urban area (excluding Xiaoshan and Yuhang District, the same below).:

　　These Measures shall apply to the behavior, supervision and management of motor vehicle parking charges in urban areas.

Two, the term "motor vehicle parking fees" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the behavior of providing parking services for motor vehicles and collecting fees.

Three, the municipal price department is the competent department in charge of motor vehicle parking fees in Hangzhou, responsible for the supervision and management of motor vehicle parking fees. City management department is responsible for the organization and implementation of urban road parking fees. Public security, construction, industry and commerce, finance, taxation and other departments shall, in accordance with their respective responsibilities, coordinate the management of motor vehicle parking fees.

Fourth, the pricing form of motor vehicle parking charges.

(1) Parking fees for urban roads and parking fees for internal parking lots of government institutions and state-owned and state-holding enterprises that are open to the outside world shall be set by the government.

(2) The fees charged by the following parking lots shall be subject to government-guided price management:

1.Fees charged by stations, docks, tourist attractions and other supporting parking lots that lack competition and have monopoly nature;

2.Charges for parking lots at the entrance to the city;

3.Charges for parking the parking lot where traffic accidents are caused and vehicles are forcibly towed away in violation of the law;

4.Charges for parking lots specially built for motor vehicles in residential areas (including commercial and residential buildings, the same below) and motor vehicle parking spaces set on roads in residential areas;

5.Encourage hospitals, schools, museums, libraries, gymnasiums (fields) and other units to open the supporting parking lots free of charge. If it is really necessary to charge, the fees shall be subject to government-guided price management.

(3) The fees charged by professional parking lots and supporting parking lots of hotels (restaurants), shopping malls, entertainment places, office buildings, etc. shall be subject to market-adjusted prices, which shall be determined independently by the operators according to their operating costs and supply and demand. Encourage hotels (restaurants), shopping malls, entertainment venues, office buildings and other supporting parking lots to open free of charge.

Five, motor vehicle parking fees.

(a) the parking contradiction is not prominent, unattended area, the road parking spaces to implement free parking; In areas with large parking demand and attended people, parking fees can be charged according to the management cost. Urban road parking fees are charged in different ways and standards according to different regions and time periods.

Government agencies and institutions and state-owned and state-holding enterprises should open their internal parking lots to the outside world at the wrong time, and encourage them to waive parking fees; If it is really necessary to charge, it shall be determined according to the management cost, but it shall not be higher than the standard of road parking fees.

(two) the implementation of government guidance price of the parking lot, the parking fee standard floating rate is 0, the floating rate is not limited. On the basis of the government-guided price, the operator puts forward specific charging standards according to factors such as cost, and reports them to the municipal price department for approval.

(three) the parking fee standard of the parking lot with market-adjusted price shall be determined independently by the operator in accordance with the principle of compensating reasonable operating costs and paying taxes according to law.

(4) In order to alleviate the road traffic pressure in the West Lake Scenic Area, self-driving tourists are encouraged to enter the scenic area by transfer, and the tourism distribution center will park the transferred small vehicles free of charge. At the same time, the charging standards for some parking lots and road parking in the scenic spot will be raised during holidays and weekends during the tourist season.

Six, the parking fee charged by the parking lot must meet the conditions:

(1) Where a public parking lot provides parking services for the society and charges fees, its owner or operator shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration, obtain a business license and obtain the parking lot business qualification.

(two) urban road parking spaces need to be determined by the traffic police, urban management and the community through the "three-in-one" working mechanism, and parking spaces can be charged only if they are explicitly paid parking spaces. The charging of urban road parking spaces is delegated to all districts, and the road parking charging service centers established by all districts organize the implementation.

(three) the establishment of road parking spaces and the implementation of parking fees in residential areas shall meet the requirements of planning, fire safety and other aspects, and obtain the consent of the relevant parking management institutions of the district governments and the owners or owners’ committees of residential areas.

(4) If the opening-up institutions and state-owned and state-holding enterprises charge parking fees for their internal parking lots, their logistics service agencies or newly established corresponding agencies shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration, obtain a business license and obtain parking business qualifications.

Seven, the parking lot operators should bear the responsibilities in the management activities:

(a) operators should be in accordance with the provisions of the implementation of the price tag system, in the parking lot eye-catching position set up a price tag, announced the service content, pricing form, charging standards, charging basis, free parking time, telephone complaints, etc.

(two) the use of motor vehicle parking bills under the unified supervision of the tax department.

(three) responsible for the maintenance, maintenance and updating of the facilities in the venue, and keeping the traffic signs and markings in the venue clear and complete.

(four) to maintain the parking order and driving order of vehicles in the venue.

(five) the issuance of vehicle access time contact list, as the basis for parking charges.

(six) comply with the provisions of laws, regulations and rules on the management of parking lots.

Eight, motor vehicle parking should comply with the provisions of:

(1) Take care of parking facilities.

(two) to accept the command and dispatch of the staff of the parking lot, and to park the vehicles in an orderly manner according to the traffic signs and markings in the parking lot.

(3) Pay parking fees according to regulations.

(4) Abide by the provisions of relevant laws, regulations and rules.

Nine, improve the charge management system, standardize the behavior of motor vehicle parking charges.

(a) the implementation of parking fees audit and filing system.

1.Urban road parking garages that are subject to government pricing and parking lots that are open to the outside world by government agencies and institutions and state-owned and state-holding enterprises, supporting parking lots that lack competition and have monopoly nature such as stations, docks and tourist attractions that are subject to government guidance prices, parking lots at the entrance of the city, parking lots where vehicles are forcibly towed away due to traffic accidents and violations of the law, and supporting parking lots of hospitals, schools, museums, libraries, gymnasiums (fields) and other units that are subject to charges, parking charging units are being implemented.

2.For parking lots with market-regulated prices, operators should go through the filing formalities with the competent price department of the district where they are located before charging.

(2) Operators of parking lots with market-regulated prices shall follow the principles of fairness, legality and good faith. It is forbidden to collude in price increases, drive up prices, price fraud, price discrimination and other unfair price behaviors.

(III) Urban road parking fees shall be fully used for parking management, maintenance of parking facilities and necessary parking services, and shall not be used for other purposes.

(four) the management unit of motor vehicle parking in residential quarters shall announce the income and expenditure of motor vehicle parking fees at the end of each year and accept the supervision of the owners or the owners’ committee. Parking fees charged by parking spaces in residential areas should be used to improve the residential environment or public facilities after deducting necessary management fees.

(five) the indoor parking garage provides vehicle parking services, and after charging parking fees, no fees such as parking space property management service fees shall be charged.

(six) the following circumstances are free of parking fees:

1.Parking in the free parking spaces on the roads that have been clearly designated.

2.Parking in urban road toll parking spaces and public parking lots (including various supporting parking lots and professional parking lots) for no more than 15 minutes.

3.Parking for no more than 2 hours in road parking spaces in residential areas.

4.Military vehicles (including armed police vehicles), police cars, fire engines, ambulances and engineering rescue vehicles performing tasks.

(seven) traffic accidents, illegal forced to drag away from the scene of the vehicle, should be disposed of according to the principle of nearby parking, the charges according to the standards of vehicle parking lot.

Ten, the price departments at all levels should strengthen the supervision and inspection of motor vehicle parking fees in accordance with the law, in violation of the provisions of motor vehicle parking fees, by the price departments in accordance with the relevant provisions. Violation of the management regulations of public security, construction, urban management, industry and commerce, finance, taxation and other departments shall be dealt with according to law by the relevant departments according to their respective responsibilities.

Eleven, this approach since July 1, 2008. Notice of the former general office of the municipal government on Forwarding the Measures for the Implementation of the Municipal Price Bureau on Reforming and Standardizing the Parking Charges for Motor Vehicles in Hangzhou (No.245 [2005] of Hangzhou Zhengban Letter) shall be abolished at the same time.

　　　　　　

　

　

　

Annex 1

　

Parking fee standard for motor vehicles in Hangzhou urban area

　

　

　

Annex 2

　

Motor vehicles with government-guided prices in Hangzhou urban area

Parking charge standard　

　

A lack of competition, monopoly and really need to charge the unit supporting the parking lot, into the city parking lot, parking traffic accidents, illegal forced to drag away from the car parking fee:

　

　

　

Two, the residential area of motor vehicle parking fees:

　

　

　

Annex 3

　

Some parking lots or roads in Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area

Motor vehicle parking fee standard

　

　

　

　　Cctv news On October 23rd, CCTV Smart Media College was formally established and unveiled. This is the first domestic smart media college established by CCTV relying on the core resources of "Artificial Intelligence Editorial Department" and combining universities, scientific research institutions and leading enterprises in the Internet industry.

　　Luo Qin, deputy general manager of CCTV, said in his speech that in order to implement the important guiding spirit of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on promoting the in-depth development of media integration and the development strategy of "5G+4K/8K+AI" of the Central Radio and Television General Station, relying on the "artificial intelligence editorial department", CCTV actively laid out the product line of "cloud, digital and intelligent" services, expanded the all-media comprehensive service of "content+platform+technology" and comprehensively promoted CCTV. On this basis, the layout and construction of Smart Media College is a concrete measure to implement the spirit of the Central Committee and a sincere move to transform and upgrade to an all-media integrated service provider. The establishment of Smart Media College will further promote the media industry to enter the era of smart Internet from the era of mobile Internet.

　　Zizhong Zhao, dean of the New Media Research Institute of China Communication University and consultant of the artificial intelligence editorial department of CCTV, said in his speech that intelligence is the inevitable direction of the in-depth development of media integration in China, and talent is the core element of the development of artificial intelligence. He believes that CCTV’s layout of smart media colleges is of great significance to the development of local artificial intelligence, and will realize the "smart media+"model for local areas and create an intelligent media ecology.

　　On September 26th, the General Offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Deep Media Integration, which pointed out that it is necessary to give full play to the role of market mechanism, enhance the market competition awareness and ability of mainstream media, explore the establishment of "news+government service business" operation mode, innovate media investment and financing policies, and enhance self-hematopoietic function.

　　Zhao Lei, deputy general manager of CCTV and dean of Smart Media College, said that media integration is based on "talent is the foundation", "technology is the driving force" and "service is the direction". Under the background of the current era, the service boundary of traditional media has undergone new changes, and the extension and integration of media into government affairs, services and business fields is becoming a trend. The construction of Smart Media College will promote the innovative development of "news+government service business" operation mode in the media industry.

　　Zhao Lei further introduced the preparation of CCTV Smart Media College. He said that the Smart Media College will set up an expert committee and a curriculum committee to be responsible for the project research and curriculum system construction of the Smart Media College. Provide one-stop service for students through the combination of "online and offline" teaching mode; Introduce courses covering the popularization of artificial intelligence knowledge, professional ability training in audio-visual field, and application training for government and enterprise industries; Building an online experimental platform to provide advanced practical environment for students, the goal is to cultivate all-media talents and focus on the innovative application of artificial intelligence technology in the media field.

　　At the unveiling ceremony, CCTV signed a cooperation agreement with China Communication University New Media Research Institute, Alibaba Cloud, Tencent Cloud, Baidu AI Cloud Technology, Huawei Cloud, Qi Anxin and Zhongke Wenge to jointly build a smart media college; Signed a letter of intent for project cooperation with China Merchants Bureau of Hunan Malanshan Management Committee and Jiangsu Taicang Rong Media Center.

Original title: Resume A shares in 2018

Image source: vision china

Text | Suning Wealth Information, Author | Wang Chen, Gu Huijun

Looking back on 2018, under the influence of a series of internal and external factors, such as "deleveraging" and "US dollar interest rate hike", A shares began to fall all the way from February to the end of the year, which can be described as miserable (see Figure 1). Below, this paper makes a resumption of the stock market in 2018 from four aspects: valuation, performance, capital and market sentiment, to help investors take care of the present and future of A shares.

Valuation: Looking at the historical low vertically, looking at the global depression horizontally.

We analyze the valuation of A shares based on a dimension of 2 (index, industry) ×2(PE, PB).

PE of main index of a shares:By analyzing the historical PE data of Shanghai Composite Index, Shenzhen Stock Exchange Index, Shanghai Stock Exchange 50, Shanghai Stock Exchange 300, Shanghai Stock Exchange 500 and Growth Enterprise Market Index (the data of Shanghai Composite Index and Shenzhen Stock Exchange Index since 2002, and the data of other indexes since their release), it can be found that the current valuation levels of each index are in a low position: the PE of Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 and Shanghai Stock Exchange Index are 10% and 12% respectively; The PE of Shanghai and Shenzhen 300 and Shenzhen Component Index are relatively high, accounting for 25% and 30% respectively in history. CSI 500 and GEM refer to PE at the bottom of history.

PB of main index of A shares:According to PB data, the indexes are also at historical lows. The PB of Shanghai Composite Index, Shenzhen Component Index, Shanghai 50, Shanghai and Shenzhen 300, CSI 500 and Growth Enterprise Market Index are located at 1%, 9%, 0%, 15%, 1% and 13% respectively in history.

CITIC’s first-class industry PE (see Figure 2):PE valuation of all industries is at the bottom of history. Among them, the PE level of defense, military industry, communication, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries is relatively high, but it only exceeds the historical 2.7%, 2.3% and 2.3%, while the PE valuation of banks, steel, real estate, coal and other industries with relatively low PE level has not reached the historical level of 0.5%.

PB of CITIC’s Tier 1 industry (see Figure 3):Compared with PE, the historical percentage of PB in CITIC’s tier-one industries is relatively lower, and the PB valuation of food and beverage, catering tourism and pharmaceutical industries with higher rankings has not exceeded the historical 0.2%, and all PB levels are at the bottom of history.

On December 26, 2018, the PE of S&P 500 was 18.70, the PE of Hang Seng Index was 9.53, and the PE of Shanghai and Shenzhen 300PE was 10.22. The PE of Nasdaq is 39.9, while that of GEM is 28.2. Therefore, from the horizontal comparison, the valuation of A shares is close to the level of global valuation of Hong Kong stocks.

Performance: both year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter declines.

Since the A-share annual report has not been published, we use the data of the National Bureau of Statistics to look at the revenue and net profit by industry (see Table 1). In terms of revenue, about 80% of the industries’ revenue growth rate is negative year-on-year. Among them, only the YOY of oil, coal and other fuel processing industries, mining professional and auxiliary activities, and oil and gas mining industries exceeds 10%, with year-on-year growth rates of 17%, 13% and 12% respectively, while the operating income of non-ferrous metal mining and dressing industries and ferrous metal mining and dressing industries has dropped significantly year-on-year, dropping by 40% and 43% respectively.

From the perspective of net profit, the growth rate of net profit of over 80% of industries is negative, among which the net profit of ferrous metal mining industry and other mining industries has fallen by a large margin, down by 72% and 50% respectively.

From the perspective of industrial added value, both the year-on-year growth rate and the chain growth rate have declined. In November 2018, the growth rate of industrial added value was 0.36% (see Figure 4), the lowest since August 2015. In November 2018, the year-on-year growth rate of industrial added value was 5.4% (see Figure 5), the lowest since March 2018, and it also showed a downward trend.

Capital: overall substantial net outflow, net inflow of foreign capital.

Investigating the daily main capital flow of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets since 2018, it is found that the main capital of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets is mainly in the state of capital outflow. According to the statistics of capital flow in the fourth quarter of 2018, it is found that over 80% of the time, A shares in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets are in a state of net outflow of main funds. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the net outflow of A shares in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets exceeded 600 billion yuan (Figure 6).

Judging from the flow of funds northward, most of the time the funds are in a state of net inflow. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the net purchase of northbound funds was about 60 billion yuan (Figure 7). Although it was in a state of net inflow, it was significantly lower than the net purchase of 81.5 billion yuan in the third quarter.

Market sentiment: trading is sluggish.

We measure the market sentiment of A shares from three aspects: trading behavior, index products and the views of market participants.

Margin ratio is an important indicator to observe market sentiment from the perspective of trading behavior. Since the end of January 2018, the margin ratio has been declining all the way, and it was not until December that the downward trend was changed. Since December 2018, the ratio of margin financing to securities lending has shown a slight upward trend (see Figure 8).

From the perspective of index products, since 2018, the discount rate of closed-end funds has been positive and shows a fluctuating upward trend (see Figure 9). By mid-October, the discount rate reached the highest level. At present, the discount rate has declined from October and remained at around 10%.

Among many market participants, we choose the most rational data of two types of participants (researchers and block traders) to observe investor sentiment (see Figure 10 and Figure 11). Judging from the seller’s recommendation index, the seller’s recommendation index in the fourth quarter reached the top of nearly three months at the end of October, and after October, the seller’s recommendation index showed a straight decline and is still at a low level. From the perspective of bulk transactions, the current transaction volume has slightly increased compared with the third quarter, and the discount rate has dropped first and then increased.

2018 Trend Summary and 2019 Prospect

Looking higher, we believe that the downturn of A shares in 2018 is inseparable from the overall macroeconomic situation.

Affected by factors such as deleveraging, the performance of industrial enterprises declined in 2018, and the year-on-year growth rate declined. Coupled with external factors such as trade frictions and the Fed’s interest rate hike, A-share confidence was insufficient, and funds in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets flowed out significantly. The main indexes of A-shares and industry valuation are also at a historically low level.

Looking forward to 2019, we believe that the three carriages (export, investment and consumption) that drive the economy will show this trend with great probability:

(1) Exports will fall back, mainly due to the impact of international trade and the economic slowdown in Europe and America, so we need to focus on the progress and results of Sino-US trade negotiations.

(2) Real estate investment in fixed investment will fall back, but the possibility of loosening the strict control policy on real estate will not be ruled out; Infrastructure will increase slightly, but the extent is limited, mainly depending on whether the space of China’s monetary policy can be opened with the peak of the US interest rate hike cycle, and whether the central and local governments can break through the debt ceiling.

(3) Consumption may improve slightly, which mainly depends on the influence of the leverage of the residential sector. In addition, the policies that may have a general and long-term impact on the macro-economy are tax reduction, fee reduction and the principle of competition neutrality of state-owned enterprises. If the above two policies can make substantial progress beyond expectations, it will greatly boost investors’ mood and fundamentally change the fundamentals of the macro-economy.

In general, it is expected that the probability of market volatility bottoming out in the first half of 2019 is high, and the positive effect of follow-up policies on the stock market remains to be seen. Investors should be alert to the risks brought by market fluctuations. (This article does not constitute any investment advice)

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In 1992, at the age of 38, Lin Qingxia co-starred in one of the representative works of Chinese martial arts films, "Laughing Awesome: The East Undefeated". The film was released in just one month, and the box office accumulated more than 34 million Hong Kong dollars, making it one of the top ten grossing films of the year. Lin Qingxia was also nominated for Best Actress at the Hong Kong Film Awards for this film. The scene of Lin Qingxia drinking in the water has also become one of the classic clips that cannot be surpassed.

On the evening of March 4, 2019, Muse Lin Qingxia, who had not been seen for a long time since the divorce scandal, also appeared at the scene. It is reported that she appeared in Taipei this time to attend the premiere of the classic film "Rolling Red Dust" with Qin and Han. This is also the first time she has publicly attended an event in Taipei in five years.

Attending the event, Muse wore an army green coat, a pair of washed jeans, matching Martin boots, and a black yarmulke hat. He looked very handsome and valiant, but he still couldn’t stop the imprint left by the years.

Yes, in the blink of an eye, the former Muse has become a 70-year-old old man in the blink of an eye, so now Muse Lin Qingxia, who looks a little "wide and fat", how beautiful was she when she was young?

Although Muse is old now, the classic clips she left behind will become memories for generations, which is one of the reasons why everyone cried when Lin Qingxia appeared in "Idol Comes".

US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates

　　When US Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced the defense budget for 2010 on the 6th, he stressed that the US military should drastically reduce the expenditure on R&D and purchase expensive and advanced armaments, and invest more resources to meet the equipment demand in real battlefields such as Iraq and Afghanistan. Analysts said that although it is still unknown whether Gates’s budget can be approved by the US Congress, it reflects a certain shift in the US military strategy.

　　Give up some "advanced" weapons

　　According to the defense budget submitted by Gates, the US military plans to reduce or stop some expensive arms production and R&D projects that are not needed at present.

　　As far as the navy is concerned, a plan to develop a new cruiser based on DDG1000 design will be abolished and the fleet upgrade plan will be suspended.

　　In the future, the navy will continue to use the main ship type "Ali Burke" class destroyer used in recent years.

　　It is said that the DDG1000 destroyer is a multi-functional warship that can avoid radar detection.

　　After the design of this destroyer, it was delayed to be delivered for manufacture, but the cost climbed to more than $3 billion per ship in the past 10 years. Therefore, the US Navy called for abandoning the project, but under the lobbying pressure of congressional interest groups, it only reduced the number of reserved ships from 32 to 3.

　　In the defense budget, Gates set the premise for purchasing the three ships under construction, that is, the contractor needs to move the two scattered construction sites to the same dock, otherwise the navy will only consider purchasing one of them.

　　As far as the Army is concerned, the $160 billion future combat systems R&D project will be cut.

　　Gates specifically pointed out that the chariot research and development project costing $87 billion in the system will be cancelled.

　　In view of the fact that roadside low-tech bomb attacks are the main cause of American casualties in the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan, Gates thinks that instead of developing light chariots with advanced concepts, it is better to spend money on anti-mine ambush vehicles. Based on a South African chariot in the early 1990s, this armored vehicle is said to have effectively reduced the casualties of American troops since it was put into use in Iraq.

　　For the Air Force, Gates intends to cancel the VH-71 presidential helicopter project costing $13 billion, the C17 new transport aircraft project and an advanced military satellite research and development plan, and at the same time reduce the production of each F-22 fighter at a cost of $140 million, which will be discontinued after 187 fighters are produced.

　　The F-22 fighter, nicknamed "Raptor", is the most expensive fighter in active service of the US military and the first fourth-generation fighter in the world. Although it has the functions of stealth and supersonic cruise, it is not suitable for helping the US military to deal with roadside bombs in Iraq or hunt down terrorists hiding in the mountains of Afghanistan. Gates said that F-22 fighters are of little use to American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan.

　　Increase the need of real war

　　While proposing to cancel and reduce many weapons programs, Gates announced that he would increase funds for other weapons programs. Gates suggested that the navy buy more ships with fast sailing speed, which is beneficial for the military to carry out offshore missions, and suggested that the Air Force increase the number of F-35 joint attack fighters purchased from 14 in fiscal year 2009 to 30 in fiscal year 2010, and the project funds increased from $6.8 billion to $11.2 billion. Gates also said that the Pentagon will increase the funds used to fight against anti-American militants in Iraq and Afghanistan, equip special forces to hunt down terrorists, stop reducing the number of air force and navy personnel, and expand the size of the US Army and Marine Corps, with an increase of 65,000 for the Army and 27,000 for the Marine Corps.

　　Gates also proposed to allocate $2 billion for the research and development and application of surveillance technology, including the addition of 50 Predator drones. It is said that since the beginning of this year, the US military has repeatedly dispatched Predators to crack down on Al Qaeda and Taliban forces hiding in the border areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Serve the "current war"

　　American public opinion believes that the main purpose of the defense budget submitted by Gates is to serve the "current war". The expensive armament project that Gates plans to cut is either a combat system formed during the Cold War or an advanced project aimed at mastering the hostile forces of super-sophisticated technology, which is not in line with the current situation. He stressed that what the United States needs is weapons that can be used to equip American soldiers to fight against real enemies.

　　The Los Angeles Times believes that Gates’ purpose is to shift the focus of military spending from large-scale wars against traditional rivals such as China and Russia to small-scale conflicts against armed forces such as the Taliban, which is the first step for the Obama administration to rebuild the US military. This fundamental and directional change in the focus of national defense spending is essentially to increase the ability of rapid deployment of troops, global response and information warfare, reduce the equipment needed for large-scale wars, and reduce the investment and installation of heavy equipment and traditional large-scale weapons development projects in accordance with the "need to guide contracts", rather than mainly considering meeting the requirements of various services and arms and indulging their selfish greed.

　　Correspondingly, the deployment of the US missile defense system may also be adjusted. In the defense budget submitted by Gates, the expenditure on missile defense projects will be reduced by $1.4 billion. He proposed to increase investment in regional anti-missile projects targeting missiles with short range and relatively limited strike capability, but to cancel or postpone the deployment of projects targeting intercontinental ballistic missiles.

　　Although the day before Gates’ defense budget was published, North Korea announced the successful launch of an experimental communication satellite, and arms dealers such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin took the opportunity to lobby that Gates would strengthen the existing multi-layer missile defense system in the United States in the defense budget, but it was not adopted in the end.

　　Military spending still ranks first in the world.

　　Analysts said that Gates’ defense budget was a helpless move when the United States was mired in the financial crisis and faced with financial difficulties. Gates himself said bluntly that the purpose of proposing to cancel those eye-catching sophisticated weapons programs is to save money.

　　Even so, once Gates’ plan was announced, it caused doubts in the United States. In addition to worrying about whether the United States has the ability to defend its homeland security after reducing conventional weapons, public opinion also believes that this plan will certainly not be approved by Congress. Because the plan harms the interests of arms dealers, these arms dealers will inevitably put pressure on members of Congress who represent their interests and obstruct the adoption of the plan. Even if it is passed, it must be transformed in the implementation.

　　International public opinion generally believes that the so-called worry about the impact of Gates’ reduction of the defense budget on American security is simply unnecessary, because Gates’ plan to reduce large-scale advanced weapons and equipment is itself based on "the United States’ military strength is the only one." Although many armament projects have been drastically reduced, the total defense budget submitted by Gates in 2010 will still reach $534 billion, up from $519 billion in 2009. In fact, the total defense budget of the United States has accounted for more than 40% of the global military expenditure for many years. If the cost of counter-terrorism is added, its defense expenditure is almost equivalent to the sum of all other countries and regions in the world.

Editor: Li Yongchao