CCTV News:On July 25 this year, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance issued a notice on "Several Measures for Strengthening Support for Large-scale Equipment Renewal and Consumer Goods Trade-in", and made overall arrangements for extra-long special treasury bonds of about 300 billion yuan to strengthen support for large-scale equipment renewal and consumer goods trade-in.

　　Green, aging-adapted transportation equipment makes efforts to "new"

　　Nearly a month has passed. As a key area mentioned in the document, what new progress has been made in the equipment update in the transportation field? What kind of development opportunities have enterprises ushered in? Come and see the reporters’ interviews in many places.

　　In Cangzhou, Hebei Province, a new batch of 200 new energy buses have been put into use. In the interview, the reporter found that the size of these new energy buses ranges from 10 meters to 6 meters. The person in charge of the enterprise told the reporter that this arrangement is mainly based on the consideration of reducing costs and increasing efficiency. The 10-meter-class new energy bus has a large passenger capacity and will be put into a large passenger flow line passing through the bustling business district. The 6-meter-class buses are more driving in the back streets and alleys to meet the needs of residents’ doorways.

　　While the body is more compact, this vehicle update also highlights the characteristics of aging transformation. In the interview, the reporter learned that the proportion of middle-aged and elderly passengers in Cangzhou bus passenger flow is about 80%. The updated new energy bus adopts a low entrance design and is equipped with barrier-free pedals to facilitate passengers with limited legs and feet to get on and off in wheelchairs. The local transportation department said that it plans to open two new special lines to respect and love the elderly this year, and subsidize the updated new energy buses.

　　At the same time, equipment renewal also promotes the green and low-carbon development of the transportation industry. This summer vacation, a night cruise on the Pearl River by boat attracted many tourists to punch in. Compared with traditional fuel boats, electric cruise ships bring different experiences to tourists.

　　The person in charge of the cruise ship company told the reporter that the electric cruise ship not only brought a good reputation to tourists, but also consumed one-third of the energy of the traditional fuel ship. At the beginning of August, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Scrapping and Updating Subsidies for Old Operating Ships in Transportation was released, and he clearly felt that this was a development opportunity.

　　With the number of pure electric cruise ships increasing year by year, the supporting facilities of the terminal have also been upgraded. Up to now, five terminals in Guangzhou have completed the upgrading of berthing, charging, pollution prevention and other facilities and equipment, and the relevant supervision and service systems are being improved.

　　Equipment renewal, afterburning and efficiency enhancement help the port to glow with new kinetic energy.

　　Seizing the opportunity of large-scale equipment renewal, shipbuilding enterprises have ushered in the opportunity of green transformation. As an important transportation hub of land-water combined transport, ports are actively seeking changes through equipment renewal to improve market competitiveness.

　　According to the latest data, from January to June this year, the container throughput of Qingdao Port increased by 9% year-on-year, and the cargo throughput increased by 5% year-on-year. Twelve container routes were added in Central and South America, Europe, Southeast Asia and other countries and regions. Busy shipping demand not only puts forward higher requirements for port operation efficiency, but also brings new challenges to traditional hoisting equipment.

　　In the face of new challenges, equipment renewal is "afterburning". At present, a newly installed hoisting equipment is undergoing inspection before production. The staff told the reporter that the lifting height of the upgraded equipment is higher, reaching 52 meters, which can meet the operational requirements of various large ships around the world. Compared with the traditional hoisting equipment, it not only has advanced technologies such as automatic control system, intelligent perception, anti-shake and anti-collision, but also is more flexible, and can hoist two 40-foot or four 20-foot containers at the same time.

　　Driven by the demand for large-scale equipment renewal, more and more "smart" automation equipment appears in container loading and unloading, transportation and other links, which makes many old docks in Qingdao Port glow with new kinetic energy.

　　Since the beginning of this year, China’s water transport infrastructure construction has continued to advance. By the end of June, China has built 21 automated container terminals and 28 automated dry bulk terminals, ranking first in the world in the number of automated terminals built and under construction. Equipment renewal drives the development of port terminals to be large-scale and professional.

　　Policy makes efforts to promote equipment renewal and run out of "acceleration"

　　Large-scale transportation equipment renewal is one of the key tasks in the transportation field this year. Recently, with the introduction of a series of new measures to promote equipment renewal, the industry demand has been accelerated to help upgrade the transportation sector.

　　A few days ago, the Ministry of Transport, together with relevant ministries and commissions, successively issued the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Subsidies for the Renewal of Buses and Power Batteries in New Energy Cities, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Subsidies for the Scrapping and Renewal of Old Operating Ships in Transportation and the Notice on the Implementation of Scrapping and Renewal of Old Operating Trucks, which clarified the scope, standards and application process of subsidies. Experts said that compared with the "Action Plan for Large-scale Transportation Equipment Renewal" issued in early June, the promulgation of these three rules will promote the "acceleration" of transportation equipment renewal.

　　At present, many places have taken large-scale equipment renewal as an opportunity to accelerate the pace of intelligent and green upgrading in the transportation field. In Jiangsu, the transportation department will focus on five key areas, such as scrapping and updating of operating ships and upgrading of port equipment. This year, the province will strive to dismantle and update about 2,400 ships and plan to renovate 20 old storage tanks in the port.

　　Sichuan Province proposes that by 2027, more than 8,000 new energy buses and 1,200 new energy cold chain transport vehicles will be added and updated, and more than 5,000 electric (including hybrid) bus power batteries will be updated, basically forming a green, low-carbon, intelligent and efficient transportation facilities and equipment system.

　　The reporter learned from the Ministry of Transport that China’s transportation equipment is large in scale and has sufficient potential for renewal. According to the latest data, by the end of last year, China had more than 20,000 railway locomotives, more than 12 million operating cars, about 120,000 water transport ships and nearly 700,000 public buses and trams. Large-scale transportation equipment renewal will help to expand investment, improve infrastructure, promote industrial upgrading, and also help to save energy and reduce carbon and logistics costs.

[Global Military Report] The large-scale construction of nuclear power plants in China has always attracted the attention of all sectors of society. Nur Bai Keli, director of the National Energy Administration, revealed on the 6th that by 2020, the total installed capacity of nuclear power in operation and under construction in China will reach 88 million kilowatts. However, the painful lessons of several major nuclear accidents abroad have made many people "smell the nuclear color change". As the expectation of "the 13th Five-Year Plan" for inland nuclear power in China continues to heat up, many people on the Internet have questioned the safety of building nuclear power plants in inland China. Taohuajiang nuclear power station, Hunan Province is one of the first inland nuclear power plants in China. Zheng Yanguo, deputy to the National People’s Congress and general manager of Hunan taohuajiang Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., gave a detailed introduction to the multiple safety guarantees of China nuclear power plant in an interview with the Global Times reporter on the 6th.

What the hell is an inland nuclear power plant?

Recently, the controversial "inland nuclear power plant" on the Internet is actually not a professional concept. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) usually divides the site of nuclear power plants into three categories: coastal, riverside and lakeside according to the different water sources and receiving bodies. Zheng Yanguo said, according to the custom, we collectively refer to the sites of riverside and lakeside as inland nuclear power plants, and the nuclear power plants by the sea as coastal nuclear power plants. "In fact, apart from China, other countries in the world don’t have the term" inland nuclear power ". In China’s nuclear safety regulations, guidelines and standards, the word’ inland nuclear power’ is not seen. "

Zheng Yanguo said that the safety standards of Binhai, Binhe and Binhu nuclear power plants are the same at home and abroad. "The difference is that it is necessary to carry out adaptive design according to the conditions and environmental capacity of the site." He further introduced that, for example, as a coastal site, Japanese nuclear power plants consider the tsunami to a greater extent than Qinshan nuclear power plant, because Qinshan nuclear power plant does not have the conditions for a large-scale tsunami; Coastal nuclear power plants in cold areas should consider the freezing of water intake sources, while coastal nuclear power plants in subtropical areas are not necessary; Similarly, threats such as tsunami and wind wave should be considered in coastal sites, and there is no tsunami in inland areas, but floods should be considered; Because of the different receiving water bodies, the emission standard of coastal nuclear power plants is lower than that of inland, and the ability of coastal areas to withstand thermal pollution is higher than that of inland areas (so inland nuclear power plants will build cooling towers for secondary circulation cooling). He also said that in fact, more than half of the nuclear power units in operation in the world are located in inland areas.

Multiple technologies to ensure more reliable reactors

Some people also question whether the nuclear power plants built in China are safe even if there is no difference in safety standards between inland and coastal nuclear power plants. For nuclear power plants, the most terrible thing is the reactor accident. Zheng Yanguo said that two indicators, namely "core damage frequency (CDF)" and "early release frequency of a large amount of radioactivity (LERF)", are used internationally to show the safety level of the reactor. Core damage is a serious accident. The lower the CDF value, the lower the frequency of reactor melting. LERF refers to the probability that radioactive materials will enter the environment after a serious accident and the containment will fail further. In this regard, the safety indicators of China nuclear power plant are stricter than international standards. For example, he said, the International Atomic Energy Agency requires the CDF of nuclear power plants to be 10-4, and the requirements in the Requirements Document for Nuclear Power Users in the United States are 10-5, while the CDF of third-generation nuclear power technologies such as AP1000 and Hualong No.1 adopted by China is 10-7. Generally speaking, the CDF of AP1000 reactor used in taohuajiang nuclear power station is more stringent than the international standard, and the probability of accidents is lower.

How is this high safety of the reactor achieved? According to reports, at present, the AP1000 nuclear power technology adopted by China’s nuclear power plants has learned the lessons from the accidents at Three Mile Island in the United States, Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union and Fukushima in Japan, and learned from the experience feedback of the world’s nuclear power plants for decades and a large number of research results. On the basis of the traditional pressurized water reactor nuclear power technology, a "passive" safety system has been adopted. Zheng Yanguo said that the Fukushima nuclear accident was caused by the tsunami caused by the earthquake, which caused the power failure of the nuclear power plant, and the reactor could not be cooled, which led to the big explosion and the core melting. The "passive" technology of AP1000 safety system can drive the safety system of nuclear power plant by using natural phenomena such as gravity and material gravity, which can ensure that the Fukushima nuclear accident will not be repeated even if there is a power outage similar to that in Fukushima, Japan.

The proposed nuclear power plant can withstand a magnitude 9 earthquake.

One of the major natural risks faced by inland nuclear power plants is earthquakes. Zheng Yanguo said that according to the requirements of China’s nuclear safety regulations, a detailed seismic safety evaluation should be conducted at the site selection stage of nuclear power plants, and the evaluation should be completed by professional technicians from the national seismological department. According to the evaluation results, the inland nuclear power plant site needs to be in the low seismic activity area, and the near area of the plant site does not have the conditions for a major earthquake.

At the same time, according to the requirements of China’s nuclear safety regulations and the seismic safety code for nuclear power plants, the horizontal and vertical acceleration of the AP1000 unit to be built in the inland site is 0.3g. The evaluation of seismic margin shows that when the horizontal and vertical acceleration of the ground is lower than 0.5G, it can ensure the safe shutdown and maintain a safe state, which is much higher than the design reference ground motion (0.15G) of the nuclear power plant site. The peak value of ground horizontal acceleration in the vicinity of the nuclear power plant in the Fukushima earthquake of magnitude 9 in Japan is estimated to be 0.41G to 0.50G, that is to say, the AP1000 nuclear power plant to be built by inland nuclear power can also ensure safety in an environment similar to the Fukushima earthquake of magnitude 9 in Japan.

As a "just in case" response, the nuclear power plant has carefully considered the feasibility of emergency preparation and response for nuclear accidents before going to Malaysia. At the site selection stage, it has formulated a regional nuclear emergency plan according to the site conditions (population distribution, transportation, meteorology, medical care, communication, agricultural and sideline production, water resources utilization and external events), and demonstrated the feasibility of implementing emergency protection and medium-and long-term protection actions. These measures can ensure the safety of nearby residents as much as possible when accidents occur.

At the same time, considering the concerns of the public in China, inland nuclear power plants must formulate emergency plans to ensure the safety of water resources under serious accident conditions and ensure that environmental risks can be controlled. These measures include: using safe factory buildings to store radioactive sewage, and equipped with a number of large-capacity discharge tanks as a supplement or backup to the storage capacity of waste liquid; The foundation and foundation of the nuclear power plant adopt leak-proof design, and the pipelines entering and leaving the containment are separated by double valves, and radioactive pollutant inhibitors and zeolite filtration devices are equipped. Space shall be reserved in the factory area for installation of mobile emergency waste liquid treatment device in case of emergency. Through these measures, even in extreme cases, radioactive sewage can be stored, blocked, isolated and treated.

Zheng Yanguo emphasized, "In summing up the lessons of the Fukushima nuclear accident, the international nuclear energy community did not mention that inland nuclear power plants have the risk of endangering water resources security, which shows that the risk of inland nuclear power plants to water resources security belongs to’ residual risk’ which is lower than the risk of various serious accidents. For such’ residual risks’, the international nuclear energy community no longer requires fortification in regulations and standards. "

Nuclear science popularization has a long way to go.

In February, 2008, the National Development and Reform Commission approved three inland nuclear power projects in taohuajiang, Hunan, Dafan, Hubei and Pengze, Jiangxi to carry out preparatory work. Taohuajiang nuclear power project was originally planned to formally start construction in 2011 and put into commercial operation in 2015. However, the accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan in 2011 brought the inland nuclear power projects in the above three places to an abrupt end. Nur Bai Keli said on the 6 th, "We are still conducting in-depth argumentation on the construction of nuclear power plants in the inland and listening to opinions from all walks of life. There is no clear timetable at present."

In recent years, the development of clean energy in China has advanced by leaps and bounds, but the total amount of nuclear power is still at a low level. Relevant statistics show that the total installed capacity of nuclear power in operation in China only accounts for 1.78% of the total installed capacity of electricity, far below the average level of 15%-20% in developed countries. Many China nuclear power experts interviewed by Global Times generally believe that there are no technical problems in the construction of inland nuclear power plants, but there are obvious deficiencies in nuclear science popularization. The current development of nuclear power in China is largely related to the public’s acceptance of nuclear power.

Zheng Yanguo said that taohuajiang nuclear power station has carried out a series of popular science work for the people around it. For example, through the nuclear power open day, the surrounding organs and villagers are organized to visit the built Qinshan nuclear power base to eliminate nuclear fears and doubts. In the process of communication with the public, he felt that it is the common work of the whole industry or society to carry out public communication on nuclear power.

[Global Times reporter Guo Yuandan Ma Jun]

In the mixed circle, there is a saying that there are only two kinds of hybrids in the world, one is Toyota hybrid and the other is others. This is enough to prove the recognition of Toyota THS hybrid system in the industry. Today, we will talk about the planetary gear mechanism, the core component of this world-renowned hybrid system.

Toyota THS hybrid system is mainly composed of Atkinson cycle engine, permanent magnet motor, planetary gear mechanism, generator, high-performance nickel-hydrogen battery, power control unit and power control unit.

The core of the whole system is this planetary gear mechanism, that is, the E-CVT transmission in the media population. However, although it is called a transmission, it does not have such complex mechanisms as clutches, torque converters or gear shafts in the traditional transmission system, and it is a power distribution mechanism specially prepared for hybrid vehicles (the official name of Toyota).

So what are the advantages and disadvantages of Toyota’s system, and what are the differences between them compared with other hybrid systems on the market? This article will be reflected one by one.

1. Why does Toyota develop the E-CVT transmission?

E-CVT transmission is the key to the whole hybrid system, and the original intention of all hybrid systems can actually be attributed to energy saving and emission reduction, as was Toyota’s launch of THS that year.

In the early 1990s, the words such as "sustainable development", "global warming" and "greenhouse effect" began to be known around the world. Under this background, Toyota began to study "automobile development model in the 21st century" and launched a project called "G21" (G stands for Globe 21 and stands for 21st century). Toyota Hybrid Power System (THS) also began to sprout at this stage.

In 1995, Toyota released the Prius hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show. Two years later, in 1997, Toyota’s first generation Prius hybrid car went on sale in Japan, which was Toyota’s first mass production model based on THS hybrid system and the first model born under the Toyota MC platform.

Here, Toyota’s hybrid world door is officially opened.

Second, at present, the THS hybrid system has developed to which generation, and which models are it mounted on?

As mentioned above, the core of THS system is actually the E-CVT transmission, that is, the planetary gear set, and the iterative upgrade of Toyota THS system is almost around the planetary gear set.

The first generation THS hybrid system was born in 1997, and it was first mounted on Prius. Its planetary gear set consists of three parts: sun gear, planet carrier and outer ring gear, which correspond to three power sources in turn: the engine is connected with the planet carrier; Sun gear is connected with the MG1 motor; The gear ring is connected with the MG2 motor.

Through precise and complex control, this planetary gear set can shunt the engine and use the motor to adjust the speed, so that the engine has been in an efficient working range, so as to achieve the purpose of saving fuel.

In 2003, Toyota introduced the second generation THS hybrid system, but the upgrade of the second generation THS hybrid system was mainly in the aspect of electronic control, and the structure of E-CVT transmission did not change much.

In 2009, Toyota introduced the third generation THS (officially called the second generation, but the industry prefers to call it the third generation). Compared with the second generation THS, it added another planetary row on the basis of the original planetary row. The second planetary row is connected with the gear ring of the first planetary row, the MG2 motor is connected with the sun gear, and the planet carrier is fixed, as shown below:

In this way, the second planetary row becomes the deceleration mechanism of MG2 driving motor, and the output torque is increased by reducing the rotation speed, so the third generation THS of Toyota has better power performance than the previous two generations. Not only that, because of the addition of a first-stage reducer, the cumbersome chain drive was replaced by a lighter and smaller gear drive, which greatly improved the transmission efficiency.

However, due to the limitation of planetary gear structure, the speed of MG2 driving motor is limited by the limit speed of MG1, so the speed of this system in pure electric mode cannot be very high (about 70km/h).

In order to better adapt to the development of the industry, Toyota introduced the fourth generation THS in 2015. In terms of structure, the most significant change in this upgrade is to change the planetary gear added by THS-III into a parallel shaft gear, and at the same time put the MG2 driving motor in the side position.

The obvious advantage is that the axial dimension of this system is reduced by 47mm, which is undoubtedly a technological innovation in the horizontal platform with an inch of land and gold. It can not only adapt to engines with larger displacement, but also make the power of MG2 driving motor higher.

In addition, Toyota also introduced a plug-in hybrid system based on the fourth generation THS in 2016. Its main change is to add a single clutch between the engine and the MG1 motor.

The function of the one-way clutch is that when the MG1 motor participates in the driving function (more often used for starting and generating electricity), it will not drive the engine to rotate together, and at the same time, it forms a dual-motor drive with the MG2 driving motor.

The structural diagram of this one-way clutch is as follows. The structure determines that it can only rotate in one direction.

From the year, Toyota E-CVT has gone through several iterations, as shown in the following figure:

(first generation THS)

(second generation THS)

(third generation THS)

(fourth generation THS)

In addition, there are hybrid systems applied to vertical platforms (the version code has not been found yet), such as Lexus LS and Lexus GS. Compared with the ordinary version of THS hybrid system, it connects a 4AT in series to simulate 10 gears. The result of this combination, on the one hand, is conducive to improving the speed, for example, the pure electric maximum speed of LS500h can reach 140km/h, on the other hand, it is more accelerated.

The four-wheel drive system applied to Erffa and Lexus LM is composed of an E-Four electric four-wheel drive with a separate motor in the rear axle, which is not much different from Toyota THS in structure.

At present, Toyota THS models that have been introduced into China include: Camry, Highlander, Saina, Willanda, Lei Ling, Visa, C-HR, Corolla, RAV4 Rongfang, Asia Dragon, Crown Lu Fang, Lingfang HARRIER, Yize IZOA, Erffa and Wilfa; Lexus brands include lexus ES, Lexus RX, Lexus NX, Lexus LS, Lexus UX, Lexus LM, Lexus CT, Lexus LC and Lexus GS(2016, 2014 and 2012 models).

(Toyota)

(Lexus department)

III. Detailed explanation of E-CVT (officially called THS-II version)

3.1, structural composition

The core of E-CVT is this planetary gear set, which consists of sun gear, planetary carrier (including planetary gears) and external gear ring, which are connected with MG1 motor, engine output shaft and main reducer in turn, as shown in the following figure:

We can find that as long as the state of one mechanism is determined, the rotation of the other two mechanisms can also be determined. For example, if the external gear ring is stationary and the sun gear rotates, it will inevitably drive the planet carrier to rotate, which is the starting process of the vehicle.

Moreover, it is worth noting that the diameters and teeth numbers of the external gear, the sun gear and the planetary gear are fixed, which means that the torque of the engine will always be distributed to the sun gear and the external gear in proportion, and the specific value is about 72% to the external gear and 28% to the sun gear. Once the engine is running, this basic fact will not change.

In addition, due to the structural limitation of the planetary gear set, the gear ratio between the outer ring gear and the sun gear is 2.6, that is, when the outer ring gear rotates once, sun gear has to rotate 2.6 times. As a result, the speed of the M2 motor is limited by the limit speed of the M1 motor of 6,500 revolutions, which is only 2,500 revolutions, corresponding to the speed of the vehicle of 43 miles per hour, that is, about 70 kilometers per hour.

3.2, working mode

Toyota’s THS-II system can essentially realize a variety of working modes, one is pure electricity, the other is hybrid (both B and C in the picture below can be regarded as hybrid), and the other is kinetic energy recovery mode, which we will explain in turn from easy to difficult.

First, the pure electric mode. In the pure electric low load state, the battery drives the MG2 motor, and the power is transmitted to the front axle differential by MG2, which finally drives the wheels. However, because the outer gear ring of the planetary gear is hard connected with the M2 motor, it will also follow the rotation. At this time, the engine connected with the planetary carrier has internal resistance, and the power will be transmitted to sun gear, that is, M1 generator with smaller internal resistance through the planetary gear, so that it rotates in the opposite direction, and the generator is in a state of idling without generating electricity.

In the pure electric load state, at this time, the one-way clutch of the engine output shaft intervenes, the planet carrier remains motionless, the MG1 generator starts to act as a motor, the power is transmitted to the outer ring gear through the sun gear, and the wheel is transmitted to the front axle differential through the parallel shaft, and finally the vehicle is driven forward together with MG2.

The kinetic energy recovery mode is better understood. When the vehicle is decelerating, the wheels will drive MG2 and MG1 in turn, making them act as a generator.

Hybrid mode:

Compared with the first two working modes, the hybrid mode can reflect the essence of the whole system of E-CVT. When the motor power can no longer meet the demand, or the battery power is not enough, the engine needs to start and intervene at this time.

However, the engine of this system has no traditional starting mechanism, so at this time, the MG1 motor needs to turn from reverse rotation to forward rotation, so as to drive the planet carrier to rotate, and this speed will reach the efficient range of engine operation, and then the engine will start with fuel injection.

As we mentioned earlier, once the engine rotates, the torque of the engine will be transferred to the outer ring gear and sun gear, and at this time, the outer ring gear will transfer the power to the front axle differential coupled with it to drive the wheels together with the MG2 driving motor; Sun gear will drive the MG1 motor to generate electricity, which will be provided to the MG2 drive motor.

When we step on the accelerator deeply, or when we are at full load, there are three power flows. Except that part of the torque of the above engine drives the wheels and part of the torque drives the MG1 generator to supply power to MG2, the battery of the vehicle itself will also supply power to the MG2 motor, so that the vehicle can output the maximum power.

Another mode is in-situ power generation, in which all the engine power drives the MG1 generator to charge the battery. Perhaps some readers have found it here. Didn’t you say that as long as the engines move together, the torque must be distributed to the outer ring gear and sun gear in proportion?

(In-situ charging)

There is actually no conflict here, because in the in-situ power generation mode, the battery will supply power to the MG2 motor, provide a reverse torque, and lock the external gear ring.

3.3, control strategy

The structure of planetary gear set is not complicated, but the control unit of the whole system is difficult. After the engine starts and the system enters the hybrid, how to distribute the power?

First of all, we know that the MG1 motor can be regulated, and according to the relationship between planetary gears, the torque of engine torque distributed to the outer ring gear can be calculated. When the driver steps on the accelerator pedal, the system will judge the power required by the engine according to the accelerator opening and the SOC value of the battery. When the vehicle speed is low, most of the power of the engine will be distributed to NG1 for power generation, part of the power will be used to drive the wheels, and the rest will be supplemented by M2 motor.

When the vehicle speed is high, the engine will use most of the power to drive the wheels, and only a small part will be used to generate electricity, and the MG2 motor will assist in driving.

If the vehicle happens to be in the highest thermal efficiency range of the engine, the MG1 motor will get stuck, and the MG2 motor will idle, at this time, the power is completely provided by the engine.

From the above, we can also draw another conclusion: the engine is responsible for the main power output, which is used to maintain SOC balance and respond to the total power request; The generator is used for speed regulation, and its purpose is always to control the engine speed at the target working point; The motor is mainly responsible for supplementing the torque to ensure that the driver’s torque request is guaranteed.

IV. Advantages and Disadvantages of E-CVT

The E-CVT transmission has two advantages. First, the smoothness of driving. The planetary gear set replaces the transmission, and there will be no sense of frustration in shifting gears. At the same time, the system is simple in structure and more reliable in theory.

Secondly, this system can keep the engine in an efficient running range through the power split of planetary gear sets and the speed regulation of the motor, and make the fuel economy higher. We should know that the measured fuel consumption of the third-generation Prius was 4.3L/100km when it went on the market in 2009. It reached this fuel consumption level 10 years ago, which can be said to be ahead of the whole era.

Although the advantages are obvious, this set of E-CVT also has some inherent defects, mainly because of the restrictions brought by the gear structure. For example, the gear ratio of the planetary gear set limits the speed range of the engine, and at the same time, it needs to drive the generator to generate electricity, which cannot release all the power. Moreover, the more transmission paths of the gear set, the greater the energy loss; In the high-efficiency operation range of the engine, the power cannot be completely transmitted to the wheels, and it needs to be converted twice by charging or electric drive.

5. What is the current reputation of E-CVT?

Generally speaking, due to the special type of gearbox, E-CVT will not produce friction when working, and will not wear without friction, with better durability and low failure rate.

From the market reputation, we can also see the reliability of this system, and there are almost no complaints about the failure of E-CVT transmission, which also reflects its leading quality.

VI. Comparison of E-CVT Technology

Due to the limitation of patents, there are not many E-CVT with planetary gear sets as the core. Besides Toyota’s, the most famous one is the universal Volt dual-mode hybrid system (in fact, GM’s patent in this respect is earlier than Toyota’s), which also takes planetary gear sets as the core.

Structurally, the MG2 of the universal Volt is connected with the sun gear, the output shaft is connected with the planetary carrier, and the power is output to the wheels, while the gear ring is connected with the shell or the motor MG1 according to the actual operation. Through the combination and separation of clutches C1 and C2 and brake B1, GM Volt can realize various operation modes, as shown in the following table.

Compared with Toyota’s E-CVT, although the Volt structure of GM is similar, the direction of power split is completely different, which is also the product of Toyota’s racking their brains under the blockade of GM’s patents.

In addition, it is worth mentioning that although the Volt is more similar to Toyota’s YHS in structure, consumers compare more with Honda’s i-MMD hybrid and Toyota’s THS hybrid, so we also make a comparative analysis of them.

First of all, in terms of structure, Honda’s i-MMD system consists of engine, generator, driving motor, power separation device (E-CVT), PCU and lithium battery.

One of the key differences lies in the E-CVT. Compared with Toyota’s complex planetary gears, Honda’s i-MMD completes the power split through very few gear sets and clutches, and we have to know that one more transmission path of power leads to one more loss.

Compared with Toyota’s THS, Honda’s i-MMD is characterized by high structural flexibility, which can realize pure electricity, series, parallel, high-speed direct drive (Toyota THS can’t realize direct drive) and other modes, and its efficiency is very high.

In addition, the hybrid power of Honda i-MMD is higher than that of Toyota THS. Take the third generation Honda i-MMD as an example, its total motor power reaches 135KW, while that of Toyota THS-IV is only 53KW.

As for why Honda i-MMD uses such a high-power motor, the main reason is that Honda i-MMD hybrid system can’t switch the speed ratio at will like Toyota THS, so this system is in series mode under most working conditions, and the motor drives the vehicle. In order to ensure the power of the vehicle, only a more powerful motor can be selected.

It also has some disadvantages: the battery uses lithium battery, the motor power is higher, and the corresponding cost will be higher. At the same time, because it is limited by the speed ratio of the internal reduction gear set, the working space of the Atkinson engine in the i-MMD system that directly participates in driving the wheels is very narrow. In addition, Toyota’s THS has been verified on a large scale in the market, and its reliability has been proved.

Seven, Toyota open E-CVT patent.

At the beginning of the article, it is said that there are only two kinds of hybrids in the world, one is Toyota and the other is others. The reason for this statement is that on the one hand, Toyota THS hybrid performance is excellent and reliable, on the other hand, it has applied for comprehensive patent protection, and it is even more difficult for latecomers to enter the market.

However, due to the timeliness of the patent protection period, in 2017, Toyota announced the opening of the first batch of hybrid patents, and it can provide technology to the outside world, and hopes to cooperate with other car companies in this regard, but there are few respondents.

By 2018, Toyota expressed the patent opening more clearly, claiming that it would provide the right to use for free, including about 23,740 patents of electrification technology such as motor, electronic control and system control.

In 2019, the opening of Toyota’s patent finally ushered in the harvest. First, Toyota "sold" THS technology to Toyota’s core component supplier Keliyuan in China at a price of "US$ 1" (Keliyuan’s major shareholder is Geely, so it can be understood as selling technology to Geely in disguise). Later, it reached a THS hybrid technology transfer agreement with GAC and FAW.

At present, the first Guangzhou Automobile Chuanqi GS8 twin-engine series equipped with Toyota hybrid in its own brand has been listed. The power is a 2.0T engine independently developed by Guangzhou Automobile+Toyota THS hybrid system, and the official fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is 5.3L/ 100 kilometers. In addition, Geely’s Zhiqing Hi·X oil-electric hybrid system is also inextricably linked with it.

Summary:

Generally speaking, as the core of Toyota THS hybrid system, E-CVT transmission perfectly realizes the function of power shunting through planetary gear sets, and makes the engine always in an efficient working range by using motor speed regulation. This is indeed a revolutionary innovation, which also makes Toyota’s hybrid technology almost dominate the world, and its cumulative sales volume is close to 20 million. At present, THS hybrid has developed to the fourth generation, and its structure has approached perfection. Moreover, in the context of pure electric vehicles becoming the general trend, whether Toyota will continue to upgrade THS or improve E-CVT may require a question mark.

CCTV News:The General Administration of Market Supervision and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment recently issued the Regulations on the Management of Motor Vehicle Emission Recall, which extended the product recall from safety recall to emission recall and effectively played the role of emission recall in protecting and improving the atmospheric environment and safeguarding human health. The regulations will be officially implemented on July 1, 2021.

According to the Regulations on the Management of Motor Vehicle Emission Recall, the producer’s emission recall obligation is basically the same as the safety recall, and the producer is required to report the name of the emission parts, warranty period and other information. The eco-environment department at or above the municipal level is responsible for collecting and analyzing information on motor vehicle emission inspection and testing, pollution control technology information and emission complaints and reports, and reporting information that may be related to emission risks to the Ministry of Eco-environment step by step, and strengthening information sharing with the General Administration of Market Supervision. The General Administration of Market Supervision is responsible for establishing the motor vehicle emission recall information system, accepting the report of the producer’s recall plan, announcing the recall information to the society, and carrying out information and technology consultation, defect investigation and identification, supervision of the implementation of the recall, effect evaluation and ordering the recall together with the Ministry of Ecology and Environment. At the same time, it is clear that motor vehicle producers or operators who violate the relevant obligations of the Regulations on the Management of Motor Vehicle Emission Recall will be ordered by the market supervision and management department to make corrections and be fined up to 30,000 yuan. Compared with the penalty requirement of safety recall, the prerequisite of "overdue correction" is removed, and the authority and compulsion of "Regulations on the Management of Motor Vehicle Emission Recall" are improved. At the same time, it is proposed that the information of ordered recall and administrative punishment should be included in the credit file and announced to the public according to law, with the aim of enhancing the awareness of quality integrity of enterprises and forming a mechanism of trustworthy incentive and disciplinary action against dishonesty.

Author: Hu youtian

In the 1980s, although the slogan of "anti-communism and anti-Russia" gradually became popular in Taiwan Province with the economic development and the international situation, the traditional Confucianism combined with modern nationalism and the college entrance examination "one test for life" advocated by the Kuomintang still dominated the society. Emerging video games, which were called "electric toys" in those days, have also been regarded as a scourge that hinders corruption and teaches bad children.

After the appearance of video games, the history of a synchronized demonized game in Taiwan Province began slowly.

After the martial law was lifted in 1988, "nationalism" failed, but the doctrine of further education was still very strong. At that time, the "electric room" (arcade hall) was often described in TV and newspapers as a place to hide evil people, not only cigarettes, gangs, gambling, but even drugs. For example, it is reported that the boss of the electric room put amphetamines (a central nervous stimulant, the structure of which is similar to that of methamphetamine) in the air conditioner, and cooperated with the overwhelming anti-drug advocacy in that year (including TV dramas, TV advertisements, campus publicity and newspaper topics), which further amplified the panic and hostility of parents and quickly surpassed the "billiards room" (also known as "billiards room", which is called billiards in the mainland) as bad teenagers.

These notoriety are not all wrong. In the 1980s, as a by-product of the "economic miracle", the folk gambling in Taiwan Province was fierce. Apart from the most powerful "Cafe de coral" (relying on the underground Mark Six lottery and various variants of the "patriotic lottery" issued by the authorities), there were also various gambling video game machines. At first, it was imported, and then the powerful local electronics industry quickly pirated mass production, not to mention poker machines, slot machines and mahjong machine. One of the most popular models is "Little Mary", which looks more casual. You can play with a coin from 5 yuan or 10 yuan (the price of a pack of snacks or drinks in that year), and the biggest prize is 50 or 100 yuan, depending on how the shopkeeper sets the small prize.

By the end of 1980s, "Little Mary" had flooded the whole island, and it was spread all over the grocery stores in the streets and lanes. All the children ate it, and many children lost a lot of breakfast money and pocket money on it. As for the serious operation of the electric room, there are many ways to mix and match the general machines and gambling machines. It is said that as long as the black and white lines are well cleared, it will return to the capital very quickly, which is undoubtedly a profiteering industry, and all kinds of vicious incidents are of course indispensable.

The next picture shows that the police seized the coins eaten by this machine, with 9600 yuan (source: Taiwan Province Apple Daily).

In 1988, the film "A Great Joy in the World" portrayed the strange current situation that everyone’s music flooded Taiwan, and Chu Ke-liang, Shengli Zhuo and other leading actors played it to the bone, because in reality they were so crazy that they lost to a debt. The opening song of A Great Music in the World is written and composed by Chen-Nan Tsai, based on the seven-character tone commonly used in traditional folk songs, with a lively and funny modern arrangement and a cheap female voice Echo. Although it is not a stunning work in music, it is extremely competent as the theme song of the film.

That’s beside the point. I went to primary school around 1990, and was influenced by propaganda, so I subconsciously felt repulsive to the electric car outside, and irrationally thought it was "chaotic" and didn’t want to get close to it or ask about it. Intellectually, I hate the smell of smoke, noise (at that time, the amusement park stereo was very loud) and spending money, so I would rather play computer and Nintendo at home, and I am a little complacent about being disciplined and able to play.

My brother is four and a half years older than me. After I went to middle school, I had more experience in playing video games outside with my classmates. I remember that he proudly told me about various racing games. The real feeling and feedback of holding the steering wheel was really beyond the reach of home computers and PCs. However, I couldn’t play well once or twice, so I didn’t regard playing video games outside as a cool thing like people of his age, a little rebellion in adolescence.

Of course, not all electric rooms are chaotic. From the 1980s to the early 1990s, there was a large electronic playground in the basement of SOGO department store on Zhongxiao East Road in Taipei. My parents took us there several times, where smoking was banned (although it was still very noisy), gambling and video games were not allowed, and many parents and children had fun. The image was relatively good, and it seemed that they were free from those bad things. However, only a few stores were able to wash away the white with the fashion sense of "department store" label. It is said that in 1996, the number of motor rooms in Taipei reached its peak, exceeding 30,000.

Here, instead of checking this statistic in detail, let’s just say a scene that can make everyone feel more vivid — — A cram school Under the doctrine of entering a higher school, since childhood, few students around me haven’t made up their lessons. The most intensive cram school area in Taipei is Nanyang Street near taipei main station, which of course has become the first-class war zone in the electric room. It is said that there was a whole row behind Shin Kong Mitsukoshi Department Store. Some middle school students, because they want to play video games outside at night, tell their parents that they want to go to cram school, and their parents are happy to pay for it when they see that he is motivated.

A cram school is a place where all kinds of students from the front school to the back school gather, from those who have the strength to volunteer for the first three years to those who just come to let parents spend money to buy peace of mind, so there are a lot of dragons and snakes in the electric room around them. If you want to appeal to the pain points of parents and teachers, take an evidence that video games are poisoning teenagers, and just take a shot at that place.

Middle school students play video games under the pressure of the entrance examination, and college students are left unattended (of course, some people play less because they are left unattended, so they no longer have the sense of resistance). In 2016, I saw a speech by the political commentator "scum text", recalling that the student autonomy system was implemented in the boys’ dormitory of National Taiwan University, so he was in college for 4 years, and there were "large electric rooms, comic book shops and billiards tables with more than 6 tables" in the boys’ dormitory.

Here, the accusation of "teaching bad children" is no longer applicable, because my alumni are doing this with full consciousness, and many of them later got a place in politics, each contributing to the downfall of the Kuomintang from outside or inside. This is another chapter of "those who steal the hook will be punished, and those who steal the country will be punished."

Get down to business. Why was 1996 the highest peak of the electric workshop in Taipei? Because that year, a "Zhou Ginseng video game fraud case" was exposed: Zhou Ginseng, who runs dozens of gambling video game shops, paid bribes to police and prosecutors for a long time, amounting to tens of millions of yuan, which was called "eating ginseng" in the circle. The number of people involved in this case was as large as the police earthquake, when the news was very big.

Taking this opportunity, Chen Shui-bian, then the "Mayor of Taipei", promoted the revision of the Rules for the Regionalization of Land Use in Taipei in 1997, which included a "1000-meter clause" that showed his lawyer’s skill: anyone who applied for a amusement park license must have a storefront more than 1000 meters away from schools, hospitals and libraries. When this 1-kilometer circle is drawn down, only the suburbs and mountains are left, which is equivalent to a complete ban. So arcade halls quickly disappeared in Taipei.

Gambling is basically banned in Taiwan Province, so it is not controversial that gambling video games are banned, but the general arcade is also implicated. In fact, the public is not ignorant of this. We young people also think that gambling video games are played by middle-aged and elderly people, which are not attractive to us in terms of gameplay and can’t compete with those exquisite and exciting fighting, action, shooting and racing. We grew up with these things, and we are also easy to accept complex role-playing, strategy, adventure and other game types on home computers and PCs, which the previous generation did not understand and were not interested in. The non-gambling game that can be eaten by all ages seems to have only Tetris in mind.

In short, it is clear to everyone to distinguish which games are harmful, but many people want to ban them indiscriminately. In those days, Chen Shui-bian did a brilliant job: he didn’t bother to distinguish the types of machines from the good and the bad, and he didn’t carry the political notoriety of one-size-fits-all (after all, he attached great importance to young people’s votes), but used the "1000-meter clause" to make a radical effort to achieve the de facto ban effect.

As for the task of distinguishing game machines, it was left to the legislature, which did not produce results until January 2000 — — According to the Regulations on the Administration of Electronic Game Fields, there are three kinds of game machines: gambling game machines are defined as "entertainment" electronic game machines, general games are defined as "educational" electronic game machines, and there is also a kind of "steel ball machines", that is, Bai Qingge or various small steel ball machines. Of course, this classification method has a lot to complain about, and it has also caused all kinds of dissatisfaction and inconvenience when it is implemented later. For example, when Ma Ying-jeou and Hao Longbin were mayors, the popular music game machines such as "Taigu Daren" appeared in the underground streets of taipei main station and many shopping malls. I am not sure about the supervision, but I have seen that some manufacturers posted their own music machines and used such names as "training machines" when applying for registration with the government. As far as I can remember, no one clamored that the "electric room" was back. How can I help it? Or: Why can’t other types of non-gambling arcades all come back?

Why is this happening? We’ll talk about it later. Let’s talk about 1997, the beginning of the decline of arcade culture.

According to the usual routine, parents, teachers, social elites and other groups should be happy and applauded at this time. Young people, especially arcade enthusiasts, are depressed and hate Chen Shui-bian, and then the profit-seeking operators are still unwilling to give up and continue to operate underground.

However, the development of the times is too fast, and it can always surpass the routine. Zhou Renshen’s case and the ban of arcade hall have little influence on the development of video games in Taiwan Province, because another similar product has appeared and taken over the market seamlessly. This kind, you should be able to guess, is the Internet cafe (Internet cafe, called Internet cafe in mainland China).

According to the retrieval data, the first Internet cafe in the world was born in Britain in 1994, and the first Internet cafe in Taiwan Province, Supernova Internet Cafe, was set up near Taiwan Province University not long after (the specific time is to be tested). At that time, online games were not popular, and Internet cafes only provided internet services and simple snacks, or services such as fax, photocopying and scanning. Later, around 1998, a "strategic master" opened in a prime location of Zhongxiao East Road, with an hour’s worth of 90 yuan NT dollars. At that time, the most popular games were Starcraft and Age of Empires. By 1999, there was even "Starcraft".

I remember that the strategic master opened on the second floor of the Apollo building, near Lane 216 where the MRT was loyal to filial piety and dunhua station and the food group gathered, and now he is a dentist (taken on June 18, 2018, when I went home for business, I took a photo by the way).

I was in high school for three years, from 1998 to 2001, and experienced the all-round rise of Internet cafes. Our classmates called going to Internet cafes "connecting", connecting after school, connecting with cut class, and connecting when I was tired of studying at night. A group of common classes in Class 947 and Class 956 attached to our Normal University gave themselves an muddy number — — "4567 Brigade", Lin Linli of our class once played "CS" with others and won a championship in a certain competition, winning tens of thousands of dollars. Later, we connected with him and really couldn’t beat him at all.

Internet cafes have been opened one after another, and the price has quickly dropped to around 30 an hour in 50 yuan (in other counties and cities, it is as low as 20 yuan). Even the "OPEN Billiards Gymnasium" near our school has entered a batch of computers to serve students from many schools, so that you can pick a pole (play billiards) and connect at one time. Lynn is also very strong in pole-picking. He said that he usually picks poles with his father. This enlightened parent should have played a lot when he was young. By the way, the middle school attached to our normal university is the top three volunteer schools.

So what if arcades are banned? There are also home machines (formerly known as "TV games"), which were not banned before, and now they can’t be banned. Even if parents can keep their children away from playing musical instruments, they can’t keep them away from computers, and computers are taught in schools. Maybe there are still many people in the countryside who haven’t touched computers, but in Taipei, it should be said that every school and class can find a bunch of computers that are more powerful than teachers, and they can use various means to break the ban of computer classrooms, fill them with games, and even play online on the local area network. The computer class in our first year of high school is even connected with Quake, or play King of Kings on MUD.

Special recommendation: The Adventures of Dank and Scud (Riad. PK. edu.pl), a 1997 Quake comic book, was written by Michael Houston. I saw the report in Computer Player that year and went after the serial. This ancient webpage of 21 years ago is still there today.

What is the "1000 meter clause"? You can control the game machine, but not the computer. Computers can also be used to do business, and the electronics industry is the strongest industry in Taiwan Province, which can’t be simply demonized like arcade, home computer and billiards. For us students, since computers are serious things, going to Internet cafes is not as guilty as going to video games or pool rooms, or the psychological burden of being labeled as a bad teenager.

This is also due to a good start made by strategic experts. It is located on the second floor of the prime location building, with clean windows and no smoking. Moreover, every computer is equipped with headphones, which will not disturb others. At first impression, it will not be as dirty and noisy as those small electric rooms before. In particular, "no smoking" is very important. Smoking or not is an important label to distinguish good students from bad teenagers. Although I ask myself not to discriminate against smokers, I always hate the smell of smoke. There is smoke in the pool room and the old electric room, so I don’t want to go, but I am willing to go to the Internet cafe.

　

Happily, in those few years, the problems of teenagers racing and gangs were common social headlines. Many of us have seen heavy machines (heavy motorcycles) for dyeing hair whizzing by near our school. If you look at them more, you may be yelled at by people in the car: "What are you looking at!" -Yan, with the pronunciation of xiáo, with the orthographic word "?", is transliterated from Minnan language "semen" in Mandarin. However, after the rise of Internet cafes and online games, racing people seem to disappear and play games instead.

Of course, so many locomotives and gangs are still there, but they don’t make trouble in the real world. As a result, after getting rid of bad labels such as racing family, heavy locomotives have become sunny. After all, heavy locomotives are an important means of transportation in Taiwan Province. When I was in college and held a high school reunion, the most common thing people talked about was motorcycles. The most impressive news was that a group of college students took a motorcade up the mountain to play, and they were cursed by their grandmother who opened a grocery store on the mountain. The grandmother’s swearing was very fluent, and the students were greatly admired. All of them were humbly taught, saying that they would come to scold her next time, and grandma told them to pay attention to safety. Even swearing has become so warm. Although it can’t be said that this is the direct effect of video games, we can read a lot of intriguing atmosphere evolution from the pasting and shedding of all kinds of "labels".

Internet cafes, of course, are not without the criticism of moralists, but in Taiwan Province society at that time, the conservatives have been suppressed by liberals in a broad sense in the struggle for the right to speak. Although there are still many conservatives, they are hard to convince and lose momentum, just like the old Kuomintang. Politically, Lee Teng-hui is engaged in localization and educational reform, and he is relying on post-modern pluralism to replace the traditional Confucianism represented by the old Kuomintang with modern nationalism. In other words, Taiwan Province can no longer preach the slogan of "studying for the rise of China" to young people. That’s why it seems that there are no longer demonized games in Hongkong and Taiwan Province ── it’s not that adults have awakened and their prejudices have been eliminated, but that people who hold this opinion have lost their voices and will be covered up if they call them occasionally. Therefore, it should be said that the moralists in mainland China are relatively happy, and there is still a national justice that can be used.

Adults are then left with pornographic and violent labels and "addicted to games — Can’t read well — Can’t get into a good school — The economic reason of "I can’t find a good job" can demonize the game, but if we want to talk about the economy, once the game industry becomes bigger and the traditional channel of further studies and job hunting becomes more and more difficult, then the chain of blame will be broken. Of course, the game industry is not a savior, but anyway, everyone has no way to save the economy in Taiwan Province, and some of them can’t be implemented. However bad the game industry is, at least it is being implemented, and there are many achievements that drive upstream manufacturers. Therefore, from the utilitarian point of view, the game can’t be said to be a legitimate industry ── although it is also tired and hard to earn. However, it is precisely because the game industry is far less cool than playing games, and even worse than other industries, and public opinion is mostly sympathetic and contemptuous, so more and more people are willing to admit that games are legitimate industries. This makes no sense, but this is the reality. Therefore, no one wants to argue about what kind of game machine the music machine should be. It depends on when the law will be amended, and then another result that takes public opinion and administration as the main considerations is inconsistent with the actual needs.

The above has not talked about pornography and violence. To this day, there are still many parents’ groups who, in the name of protecting children and teenagers, attack all kinds of games and advertisements with soft pornography or violent elements, and every time they can get a certain space, they have their political energy. However, the reality is that I want to be thorough here: most of us who pay money love pornography and violence. There have been many dialogues and debates in this regard, but no matter how we argue, the basic bottom line in our hearts will not change, that is, "I don’t want it" and "I want it", so no one may be persuaded. Everything on the surface is just thinking about a plausible statement, but in fact, everyone doesn’t want to care about these superficial articles.

"Can we let these things flood in order to make money?" This is a powerful cross-examination, but if repeated too many times, it will easily lead to an irritating sincere answer: "I think so" or directly call him "idiot". It is true that many people neglect their business because they are addicted to games, but if you want to hit the whole game industry with this point, you will get a choking voice: "Don’t delay the game if you fail in education." "People who are addicted will be fascinated by others if they are not fascinated by this."

Addiction is indeed a problem that should be discussed, but we don’t want to come to a conclusion that we don’t like, and we are afraid that after reaching a consensus, we will be used by unreasonable annoying people to pressure me, so we would rather keep this confrontation without dialogue. Even if we really want to discuss it, we must make sure that he is one of our own, that we are really here to solve the problem and not make trouble, and then be careful not to let this result be used as a handle. Therefore, our personal wisdom will grow, but it is difficult for the group.

Problems in Taiwan Province can often not be mediated through rational communication and debate, but disputes can be transferred and abandoned through various deviant means or violence from outside. Those who have the means show their magical powers and exploit loopholes, and they get what they want. Those who have no means, just let them do what they want. The electric room was covered by the "1000-meter clause", and so was the generation of Internet cafes. By the time the iPhone came out in 2007, this was especially true after the boom of mobile games. In recent years, elders have also started to play games with tablets, becoming children one by one, and our generation has grown into the backbone of society. Time is the greatest violence, and no one can survive it.

We can often feel that human beings are like isolated islands from such a cold world. We struggled to connect each other with culture, and now games can make us feel connected and warm each other. I think, if we want to seriously talk about why there are fewer demonized games in Taiwan Province now from the emotional level, it is because people can more and more understand this lack of identity and the comfort that games can bring in this detached network age.

Original title: Resume A shares in 2018

Image source: vision china

Text | Suning Wealth Information, Author | Wang Chen, Gu Huijun

Looking back on 2018, under the influence of a series of internal and external factors, such as "deleveraging" and "US dollar interest rate hike", A shares began to fall all the way from February to the end of the year, which can be described as miserable (see Figure 1). Below, this paper makes a resumption of the stock market in 2018 from four aspects: valuation, performance, capital and market sentiment, to help investors take care of the present and future of A shares.

Valuation: Looking at the historical low vertically, looking at the global depression horizontally.

We analyze the valuation of A shares based on a dimension of 2 (index, industry) ×2(PE, PB).

PE of main index of a shares:By analyzing the historical PE data of Shanghai Composite Index, Shenzhen Stock Exchange Index, Shanghai Stock Exchange 50, Shanghai Stock Exchange 300, Shanghai Stock Exchange 500 and Growth Enterprise Market Index (the data of Shanghai Composite Index and Shenzhen Stock Exchange Index since 2002, and the data of other indexes since their release), it can be found that the current valuation levels of each index are in a low position: the PE of Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 and Shanghai Stock Exchange Index are 10% and 12% respectively; The PE of Shanghai and Shenzhen 300 and Shenzhen Component Index are relatively high, accounting for 25% and 30% respectively in history. CSI 500 and GEM refer to PE at the bottom of history.

PB of main index of A shares:According to PB data, the indexes are also at historical lows. The PB of Shanghai Composite Index, Shenzhen Component Index, Shanghai 50, Shanghai and Shenzhen 300, CSI 500 and Growth Enterprise Market Index are located at 1%, 9%, 0%, 15%, 1% and 13% respectively in history.

CITIC’s first-class industry PE (see Figure 2):PE valuation of all industries is at the bottom of history. Among them, the PE level of defense, military industry, communication, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries is relatively high, but it only exceeds the historical 2.7%, 2.3% and 2.3%, while the PE valuation of banks, steel, real estate, coal and other industries with relatively low PE level has not reached the historical level of 0.5%.

PB of CITIC’s Tier 1 industry (see Figure 3):Compared with PE, the historical percentage of PB in CITIC’s tier-one industries is relatively lower, and the PB valuation of food and beverage, catering tourism and pharmaceutical industries with higher rankings has not exceeded the historical 0.2%, and all PB levels are at the bottom of history.

On December 26, 2018, the PE of S&P 500 was 18.70, the PE of Hang Seng Index was 9.53, and the PE of Shanghai and Shenzhen 300PE was 10.22. The PE of Nasdaq is 39.9, while that of GEM is 28.2. Therefore, from the horizontal comparison, the valuation of A shares is close to the level of global valuation of Hong Kong stocks.

Performance: both year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter declines.

Since the A-share annual report has not been published, we use the data of the National Bureau of Statistics to look at the revenue and net profit by industry (see Table 1). In terms of revenue, about 80% of the industries’ revenue growth rate is negative year-on-year. Among them, only the YOY of oil, coal and other fuel processing industries, mining professional and auxiliary activities, and oil and gas mining industries exceeds 10%, with year-on-year growth rates of 17%, 13% and 12% respectively, while the operating income of non-ferrous metal mining and dressing industries and ferrous metal mining and dressing industries has dropped significantly year-on-year, dropping by 40% and 43% respectively.

From the perspective of net profit, the growth rate of net profit of over 80% of industries is negative, among which the net profit of ferrous metal mining industry and other mining industries has fallen by a large margin, down by 72% and 50% respectively.

From the perspective of industrial added value, both the year-on-year growth rate and the chain growth rate have declined. In November 2018, the growth rate of industrial added value was 0.36% (see Figure 4), the lowest since August 2015. In November 2018, the year-on-year growth rate of industrial added value was 5.4% (see Figure 5), the lowest since March 2018, and it also showed a downward trend.

Capital: overall substantial net outflow, net inflow of foreign capital.

Investigating the daily main capital flow of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets since 2018, it is found that the main capital of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets is mainly in the state of capital outflow. According to the statistics of capital flow in the fourth quarter of 2018, it is found that over 80% of the time, A shares in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets are in a state of net outflow of main funds. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the net outflow of A shares in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets exceeded 600 billion yuan (Figure 6).

Judging from the flow of funds northward, most of the time the funds are in a state of net inflow. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the net purchase of northbound funds was about 60 billion yuan (Figure 7). Although it was in a state of net inflow, it was significantly lower than the net purchase of 81.5 billion yuan in the third quarter.

Market sentiment: trading is sluggish.

We measure the market sentiment of A shares from three aspects: trading behavior, index products and the views of market participants.

Margin ratio is an important indicator to observe market sentiment from the perspective of trading behavior. Since the end of January 2018, the margin ratio has been declining all the way, and it was not until December that the downward trend was changed. Since December 2018, the ratio of margin financing to securities lending has shown a slight upward trend (see Figure 8).

From the perspective of index products, since 2018, the discount rate of closed-end funds has been positive and shows a fluctuating upward trend (see Figure 9). By mid-October, the discount rate reached the highest level. At present, the discount rate has declined from October and remained at around 10%.

Among many market participants, we choose the most rational data of two types of participants (researchers and block traders) to observe investor sentiment (see Figure 10 and Figure 11). Judging from the seller’s recommendation index, the seller’s recommendation index in the fourth quarter reached the top of nearly three months at the end of October, and after October, the seller’s recommendation index showed a straight decline and is still at a low level. From the perspective of bulk transactions, the current transaction volume has slightly increased compared with the third quarter, and the discount rate has dropped first and then increased.

2018 Trend Summary and 2019 Prospect

Looking higher, we believe that the downturn of A shares in 2018 is inseparable from the overall macroeconomic situation.

Affected by factors such as deleveraging, the performance of industrial enterprises declined in 2018, and the year-on-year growth rate declined. Coupled with external factors such as trade frictions and the Fed’s interest rate hike, A-share confidence was insufficient, and funds in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets flowed out significantly. The main indexes of A-shares and industry valuation are also at a historically low level.

Looking forward to 2019, we believe that the three carriages (export, investment and consumption) that drive the economy will show this trend with great probability:

(1) Exports will fall back, mainly due to the impact of international trade and the economic slowdown in Europe and America, so we need to focus on the progress and results of Sino-US trade negotiations.

(2) Real estate investment in fixed investment will fall back, but the possibility of loosening the strict control policy on real estate will not be ruled out; Infrastructure will increase slightly, but the extent is limited, mainly depending on whether the space of China’s monetary policy can be opened with the peak of the US interest rate hike cycle, and whether the central and local governments can break through the debt ceiling.

(3) Consumption may improve slightly, which mainly depends on the influence of the leverage of the residential sector. In addition, the policies that may have a general and long-term impact on the macro-economy are tax reduction, fee reduction and the principle of competition neutrality of state-owned enterprises. If the above two policies can make substantial progress beyond expectations, it will greatly boost investors’ mood and fundamentally change the fundamentals of the macro-economy.

In general, it is expected that the probability of market volatility bottoming out in the first half of 2019 is high, and the positive effect of follow-up policies on the stock market remains to be seen. Investors should be alert to the risks brought by market fluctuations. (This article does not constitute any investment advice)

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　　In early September, China launched an anti-dumping investigation on Canadian rapeseed, which boosted the overall oil trend. With the National Day holiday approaching, the market has cooled down the subject matter of Canadian rapeseed anti-dumping transactions. Recently, the supply and demand structure of palm oil producing areas has been expected to tighten, the Indonesian Palm Oil Association has released the signal of output reduction and the Indonesian Ministry of Finance has reduced export taxes and fees, which offset the negative impact of India’s increase in vegetable oil import tariffs. Palm oil production in Malaysia decreased month-on-month due to weather factors, and palm oil led the oil trend.

　　Weather factors affect unit yield

　　At present, palm oil production is in a seasonal increase cycle, but due to bad weather, palm oil production in Malaysia has not increased as expected. SPPOMA survey data show that the output of palm oil in Malaysia decreased by 7.01% from September 1 to 20, and the yield of fresh oil palm fruit string decreased by 7.80%. Moreover, the Malaysian meteorological department said that the monsoon season is expected to start from Tuesday and will last until the beginning of November. The heavy rainfall and flood risk brought by the monsoon may disrupt the harvest rhythm of oil palm fruits and affect palm oil production. The bad weather in the northern part of the Malaysian Peninsula has also caused the market to worry about the delay in the seasonal peak of palm oil production, further strengthening the concern of palm oil production reduction in Malaysia. Indonesia’s palm oil production has also declined. According to the prediction of the Indonesian Palm Oil Association, palm oil production will drop by 1 million tons to 53.8 million tons in 2024, mainly because the dry weather last year led to a decline in yield, while the oil palm area did not increase. In addition, the implementation of B35 biodiesel blending ratio in Indonesia has increased the consumption demand of palm oil, resulting in the continued low inventory of palm oil in Indonesia. At the end of June, the palm oil inventory was only 2.82 million tons, which was the lowest in the same period in the past five years.

　　Export demand is unsustainable.

　　Malaysian palm oil export demand exceeds market expectations. In September, Indonesia raised the reference price of palm oil export, which led to an increase of 24 US dollars/ton in export tax compared with August, and improved the export competitiveness of Malaysian palm oil. According to shipping data, Malaysia’s palm oil exports from September 1 to 20 ranged from 890,000 to 950,000 tons, an increase of 6.8% to 10% over the same period of last month. Due to the decline of palm oil production in Malaysia due to bad weather and strong export demand, the accumulation rate of palm oil is lower than expected.

　　From the overall demand of palm oil, India raised the import tariff of edible oil from September 14th, and the tariff of crude palm oil increased from 5.5% to 27.5%, and the import tariff of refined palm oil increased from 13.75% to 35.75%, so the import demand of Indian palm oil decreased. According to Indian buyers, Indian refiners canceled the purchase order of 100,000 tons of palm oil delivered from October to December due to the sharp increase in tariffs and soaring prices in Malaysia. In addition, Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance revised the new rules of palm oil export tax, and the export tax was levied according to the percentage of the reference price. The tax rate of crude palm oil was 7.5%, and the tax rate of 24-degree refined palm oil was 4.5%, which came into effect on September 21st. According to the reference price of USD 839.53/ton in September, the export tax is reduced by USD 27/ton and USD 32/ton compared with that before adjustment, which will partially offset the negative impact of the increase of import tax in India on palm oil export. The reduction of export fees will help improve the attractiveness of Indonesian palm oil and pose greater competitive pressure on Malaysian products in the export market. In addition, the incremental export demand will also ease the inventory pressure brought about by the recovery of production and further support the palm oil price.

　　Imports continue to be upside down.

　　In the first half of the year, the domestic palm oil import profit continued to be upside down, and the import volume was low. According to the data released by China Customs, the total palm oil import in August was 400,000 tons, a year-on-year decrease of 35.5% and a decrease of 18,900 tons compared with 419,700 tons in the same period of last month. At present, the inventory pressure of palm oil producing area is light, the export quotation is firm, and the upside down of import profit in recent months is still serious. Last week, there were three boat washes in December in China, and no new ships were bought. Due to less palm oil arriving in Hong Kong, it continued to go to the warehouse. On September 17, the commercial inventory of palm oil in key areas of the country was 528,000 tons, a decrease of 45,000 tons or 7.8% compared with last week. As the temperature drops, palm oil will gradually enter the off-season of consumption, and the rate of palm oil going to the warehouse will slow down in the later period.

　　On the whole, although domestic palm oil itself is on the rise.Insufficient, but palm oil prices are expected to be boosted due to multiple factors such as the production of palm oil in the producing area is less than expected, the pressure of accumulated storage is reduced, and the production reduction season will enter in November. (Author: Huishang Futures)

[Autohome Ningbo Discount Promotion Channel] In Ningbo market, Chang’an is holding a large promotion. Consumers can now enjoy a discount of up to 28,000 yuan when purchasing eπ 008, and the minimum starting price is reduced to 188,600 yuan. For interested friends, this is a good opportunity not to be missed. For more preferential policies, please check the quotation form and click "Check Car Price" to strive for a higher discount range.

eπ008外观设计时尚动感，前脸采用精致的进气格栅设计，搭配流线型的车身线条，整体风格现代而独特。车头部分运用了家族式的设计元素，突出了车辆的科技感和运动气息。

eπ008的车身尺寸为5002*1972*1732mm，轴距达到3025mm，展现出宽敞舒适的内部空间。车侧线条流畅而动感，搭配21英寸轮圈，前轮距和后轮距均为1650mm，确保了稳定的行驶性能。前后轮胎均采用265/45 R21规格，为车辆提供了出色的抓地力和操控性。

内饰方面，eπ008采用了简洁而科技的设计风格，突显了未来感。方向盘采用皮质材料，手感舒适，并配备了手动上下+前后调节功能，方便驾驶员根据需要进行调整。中控屏幕尺寸达到了15.6英寸，集成了多媒体系统、导航、电话以及空调等控制功能，并支持语音识别控制系统，提升了操作便捷性。座椅采用仿皮材质，主副驾座椅均可进行前后调节、靠背调节、高低调节和腰部支撑调节，其中主驾座椅还具备加热、通风及头枕扬声器功能，提升了驾乘舒适度。此外，车内还配备了手机无线充电功能和多个USB/Type-C接口，满足乘客的多种需求。

eπ008搭载了一台高性能发动机，最大功率达到200千瓦，最大扭矩为340牛·米，为车辆提供了强劲的动力输出和卓越的驾驶性能。

综上所述，eπ008凭借其出色的设计赢得了众多车主的喜爱。正如汽车之家车主所言：“车身整体设计大气，非常耐看，看上去像30多万的车~”。这些正面评价不仅彰显了eπ008在设计上的卓越表现，也为消费者提供了更多购车的信心。

On December 12th, the four-door version of Hongguang MINI EV of Wuling Automobile officially opened the reservation channel. As the first four-door and four-seat vehicle in A00 new energy scooter, it inherits the family characteristics of "beautiful, easy to control, convenient to park, economical and energy-saving", and provides a more ideal solution for multi-person travel scenes.

From the design point of view, Hongguang MINI EV four-door version retains the family classic design genes. The body lines are smooth and round, showing full visual effects, showing exquisiteness and cuteness. Its headlights adopt an integrated "Lingzhiyi" LED light group, and the charging interface is cleverly placed under the front LOGO cover. Wuling fully considers the aesthetic preferences of young consumers, and specially introduces three vibrant "magic color high-definition" car paint colors, namely swelling blue, bubble green and sweet coffee.

The body size is 3256×1510×1578mm, and the wheelbase is 2190 mm. The cabin space and access space are more spacious. On the side of the car, the current model looks tough, while the new car looks rounder and the lines become softer. It also adopts a two-color body and a five-spoke contrasting color low wind resistance rim to enhance the fashion sense on the side of the car. It is worth mentioning that the new car does not use the popular hidden door handle, but uses the ordinary door handle.

The brand-new four-door structure enables four seats to get on and off independently. Compared with the two-door version, the rear passengers do not need to put down the front seats, which greatly improves the convenience of multi-person travel.

The rear part echoes the rounded style of the front of the car, and the taillights are changed into rounded corners, echoing the headlights. The rear of the car has also abandoned some overly complicated design elements, and the whole has become more simple and beautiful.

The Hongguang MINI EV four-door version and the popular IP Capibala small yellow dolphin joined forces to create a joint-name model, and the body was decorated with unique and lovely flowers.

For the interior, the design style of "cute and romantic" is used, and the new "caramel cream" interior color scheme is mainly light brown with cheese white, creating a soft and warm cockpit atmosphere. The interior trim panel is rounded, and the center console, door trim panel and other parts are inflated, which enhances the overall feeling from many aspects of vision and touch, and creates a fashionable and comfortable interior environment.

In terms of chassis, the four-door version of Hongguang MINI EV adopts front McPherson and rear integral bridge. In the power system, the four-door version is equipped with a 30kW motor, which is equivalent to the power level of the current high-power version and the two-door version, and the top speed can reach 100 km/h. It is also equipped with a battery that supports fast charging. At present, the battery capacity and pure battery cruising range have not been announced.

In terms of rights and interests, the current reservation can enjoy benefits such as "up to 3,000 yuan replacement subsidy, three-power lifetime warranty, 3.5kW charging pile, dragon film worth 3,000 yuan", with a total value of about 10,000 yuan. Compared with the two-door version, Wuling four-door version is more practical, which further enriches consumers’ choices. At present, the four-door version of Hongguang MINI EV has been stationed in Wuling stores all over the country. If you are interested, you can go and have a look.

The competition in the automobile market is still very fierce. What Xiaobian brings today is. As for the outstanding performance of the car, please read it together.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of ZEEKR 001 first. The front of ZEEKR 001 gives people a very unique feeling and looks very simple. At the same time, the headlight presents a simple and fashionable design style with exquisite details. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car, the size of the car body is 4977MM*1999MM*1533MM, and the car adopts simple lines, giving people a very domineering and stylish feeling. With large-sized thick-walled tires, it looks full of sports. In terms of the rear end, the rear end looks simple, and the taillights look very capable and neat.

When I arrived in the car, the interior modeling took a fashionable and dynamic route and looked dynamic. The steering wheel of the car is very in line with the interior style, and it is made of leather and has a sense of design. Let’s take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a stylish and sporty touch OLED central control screen, which makes the interior design quite layered, and the overall design of the central control is very good. Finally, let’s look at the dashboard and seats. The car is equipped with a clean and refreshing dashboard, which is very eye-catching. The car uses leather seats, which are wrapped in place and have good overall comfort.

ZEEKR 001 is 580KW, with a total torque of 810N.m and a maximum speed of 240 km/h.

In terms of configuration, ZEEKR 001 is equipped with car networking, driving mode selection, remote control key, Bluetooth key, UWB digital key, indoor atmosphere light, traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.) and other configurations.

Such a car with the right price is enough to meet the daily practical needs, and it doesn’t take much thought to maintain it at ordinary times, and the cost performance is good. If you just need such a travel tool, you may wish to experience it quickly.