Four couples of police doctors on the front line of epidemic prevention: postponed wedding, son alone at home and reunion dinner that can’t be made up.








Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, June 30th, by topic:Some similar "chicken ribs" certifications are still in progress-professional qualification cleaning and tracking
Xinhua News Agency "Xinhua Viewpoint" reporter
A few days ago, the State Council decided to cancel 47 professional qualifications such as property manager, market manager and flower arranging worker. So far, the State Council has cancelled 319 professional qualifications in six batches.
However, according to a survey conducted by Xinhua Viewpoint, although some professional qualifications have been cancelled, there are still qualification examinations with similar names and types organized by different departments. Many job seekers are not sure whether they still need to take the examinations, and some enterprises still take the cancelled qualification certificates as the entry threshold.
Almost all the qualification exams have left people "stupid and confused"
The reporter learned that with the issuance of relevant national documents and the rapid implementation in various places, many qualification examinations have been cancelled.
"We have cancelled the qualification examinations for flower arrangers and manicurists according to national documents." Occupational skill testing authority officials in Shandong, Jiangxi and other places said that all the qualifications cancelled by the state would not be tested again.
Some job seekers also reported that in some places, some qualification examinations listed in the cancellation list are still in progress. For example, the country has previously cancelled the professional qualification of landscape architects, but some provinces clearly stated in the announcement that the landscape architect exam was held in May.
According to the reporter’s understanding, the country cancelled the certification of landscape designers organized by China Building Decoration Association, while some provinces conducted the certification examination of landscape designers organized by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. In fact, although the certificates and accreditation methods are different, the qualifications of the two departments are similar, mainly including landscape design and greening planning. "In our industry’s view, the landscape architect certification functions and objectives of the two departments are basically the same, and the gold content is not high, which is of little significance in practical work, like chicken ribs." Wan Nan, a landscape architect from Dalian, said.
The staff of a vocational skill appraisal station in Anhui introduced that whether the qualification examinations with similar or consistent names and organized by different departments are cancelled or retained depends on the understanding of each province.
Similar situations are not uncommon. The accreditation of registered enterprise trainers organized by the National Development and Reform Commission was cancelled in 2014, but the accreditation of enterprise trainers organized by the human and social departments is still going on this year; The qualification certification of professional managers in China, which is in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission, was also cancelled in 2014, but the qualification certification of professional managers organized by entrepreneurs associations in china enterprise confederation and China still exists, and relevant training notices were issued in March this year.
Some job seekers said that it is impossible to know which qualifications have been cancelled and which ones need to be tested. The relevant personnel of human and social departments in Anhui, Shandong, Jiangxi and other places interviewed by the reporter said that there are many departments that organize the implementation of vocational qualification licensing and accreditation in China, and various ministries and associations have many qualifications. Some staff members bluntly said: "It is impossible to figure out how many qualifications there are."
"Some associations and departments are keen on organizing examinations and setting thresholds, partly because vocational qualification certificates are profitable from training and examinations to issuing certificates." A cadre of the human society department in Anhui Province said.
The state does not allow enterprises to take the exam, but it still requires qualification certificates.
It is understood that vocational qualification certificates are divided into two categories: access and level. Access certificate requires that you must hold a certificate, and the level class represents the level and business ability of the holder, and it is not required to hold such a certificate.
However, during the interview, the reporter found that among the vocational qualifications that have been cancelled by the state, not only some entry qualifications are still regarded as entry conditions by some enterprises, but even the level certificates that are not entry thresholds have become entry "stepping stones".
Although the qualification of the entry-level tenderers has been cancelled by the state, the reporter found on some recruitment websites that the recruitment requirements issued by many companies in Hunan and Zhejiang still clearly stated that "the professional qualification certificate of the tenderers must be available".
The country has cancelled the qualification identification of access property manager, but the reporter called a real estate agency company in Wuhan in the name of applying for a property project manager. The staff said that job seekers must have relevant qualification certificates such as property manager.
The barista organized by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the hotel waiter organized by the China Business Federation all belong to the level evaluation qualification certification. However, the reporter found that a company in Guangzhou requires job seekers to "hold a barista qualification certificate issued by the state" in their job descriptions, and hotels in Tianjin, Shaanxi, Liaoning and other places require waiters to bring hotel waiter qualification certificates during interviews.
"In the face of a large number of job resumes, the qualification certificate is an important tool for enterprises to select talents quickly and effectively. If only one out of 20 people has a qualification certificate, then I will definitely choose him. " A person in charge of Nanchang Jialaite Peace International Hotel said, "It’s better to have a certificate than nothing, and whoever has a qualification certificate will definitely give priority to who."
"The country has cancelled the qualification examination. Where can I take it?" "I didn’t send a resume when I saw a company that clearly stated that it needed a qualification certificate." For some "willful" requirements of enterprises, some job seekers in Jinan and Changchun expressed their helplessness.
Continue to intensify the clean-up and standardize the development of the evaluation system of social institutions.
In addition to cleaning up 319 professional qualifications, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security proposed that in the future, all newly established national professional qualifications should be reported to the human resources and social security department of the State Council for unified planning and management of national professional qualifications, and all regions and departments should not set up national professional qualifications by themselves.
Hongchun Wang, a professor of labor and social security in anhui university of finance, and other experts believe that the state’s measures to cancel the license and recognition of professional qualifications in batches have played an obvious role in simplifying administration and decentralizing power and stimulating market vitality. However, in view of the phenomenon that some departments and associations set up qualification recognition indiscriminately for their own interests, we should continue to intensify the clean-up and make a "positive list" of professional qualifications as soon as possible.
Cadres of the human and social departments in some areas said that relevant departments and associations should conduct self-examination and self-correction according to the vocational qualification certification items that have been cancelled by the state, take the initiative to cancel the qualification certification that is similar to or even the same as its content, and consciously reduce duplicate identification and "chicken ribs" identification. Provincial and municipal departments of human resources and social security should also take the initiative to stop setting relevant examinations. At the same time, guide enterprises to adapt to policy changes, no longer set invisible thresholds, but select talents in a more scientific and effective way. Relevant enterprises that obviously violate state regulations should be given necessary disciplinary warning.
Wang Zhongwu, a professor of sociology at Shandong University, said that certain departments must not be reluctant to "cash cow", so that qualification recognition becomes a stumbling block to "double innovation". "For pharmacists, teachers and other occupations with greater responsibilities or public interests, as well as the level evaluation of taxation, accounting and other social needs, the reservation should be retained."
Hongchun Wang and others suggested that we can learn from foreign advanced experience for some level evaluation with large demand, give full play to the role of the market and social organizations, support and encourage the cultivation of a number of accreditation organizations with high degree of specialization and strong credibility, and establish a scientific and effective third-party evaluation accreditation system. (Reporter Meng Hanqi, Yuan Junbao, Chen Nuo, Wu Huiying)
First, the national lottery sales
In December, the national lottery sales totaled 53.284 billion yuan [1], a year-on-year decrease of 8.565 billion yuan or 13.8%. Among them, the sales of welfare lottery institutions was 17.476 billion yuan, an increase of 5.646 billion yuan, an increase of 47.7%; The sales of sports lottery institutions reached 35.808 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 14.211 billion yuan or 28.4%. Mainly because of football in the same period last year.The base of the pulling factors of the event is high.
From January to December, the national lottery sales totaled 579.696 billion yuan, an increase of 155.044 billion yuan or 36.5%. Among them, the sales of welfare lottery institutions was 194.441 billion yuan, an increase of 46.311 billion yuan, an increase of 31.3%; The sales of sports lottery institutions reached 385.255 billion yuan, an increase of 108.733 billion yuan or 39.3%.

Second, the sales of lottery tickets by type
In December, lottery digital lottery sales reached 16.952 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 29.3%. The sales of quiz lottery tickets was 22.431 billion yuan, down 47.8% year-on-year; The sales of instant lottery tickets reached 10.224 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 214.4%; Keno lottery sales reached 3.676 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 47.3%. In December, the sales volume of digital lottery, quiz, instant lottery and Keno lottery respectively accounted for 31.8%, 42.1%, 19.2% and 6.9% of the total lottery sales, and the sales volume of video lottery was 140,000 yuan, an increase of 120,000 yuan year-on-year.
From January to December, the sales of lottery digital lottery tickets reached 176.803 billion yuan, an increase of 21.385 billion yuan or 13.8%. The sales of quiz lottery tickets was 246.476 billion yuan, an increase of 65.550 billion yuan or 36.2% year-on-year; The sales of instant lottery tickets reached 119.021 billion yuan, an increase of 59.574 billion yuan or 100.2%. The sales of Keno lottery tickets reached 37.394 billion yuan, up 8.534 billion yuan or 29.6% year-on-year. From January to December, the sales volume of digital lottery, quiz, instant lottery and Keno lottery respectively accounted for 30.5%, 42.5%, 20.5% and 6.5% of the total lottery sales. Video lottery sales reached 1.53 million yuan, up 930,000 yuan year-on-year.

Third, the sales of lottery tickets by region
In December, compared with the same period of last year, the lottery sales in various provinces in China were mixed, among which Hunan, Guangdong, Chongqing and Xinjiang increased more, increasing by 231 million yuan, 191 million yuan, 163 million yuan and 138 million yuan respectively. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Sichuan saw a large decline, with a year-on-year decrease of 1.722 billion yuan, 1.106 billion yuan, 735 million yuan, and 659 million yuan respectively.
From January to December, compared with the same period of last year, lottery sales in all provinces in China increased, with Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong increasing by 16.321 billion yuan, 12.946 billion yuan, 12.442 billion yuan and 10.832 billion yuan respectively.
Lottery agencies at all levels should closely follow and analyze new situations and new problems, effectively strengthen the issuance and sales of lottery tickets, and ensure the smooth operation of the market. Financial departments at all levels should further strengthen lottery supervision, actively create a good external environment, maintain market order, and promote the sustained and healthy development of lottery.
Remarks: [1] The sales volume of lottery digital lottery tickets is counted according to the end time of the sales period; Traditional football of quiz lotteryAnd counting the sales volume according to the end time of the sales period in the single-game quiz with regional networking, and counting the sales volume according to the lottery time of the betting content in the single-game quiz with national networking of quiz lottery tickets; Instant lottery tickets count sales according to sales time; Video lottery statistics sales according to sales time; The sales volume of Keno lottery tickets is counted according to the end time of the sales period.
Cover journalist Han Jianwen
Pot friends! Today is the twentieth day of the twelfth lunar month, officially starting the countdown to the 10-day Chinese New Year! At the same time, it also means that the annual vegetable competition is coming!
Imagine, you showed your hand at the group annual banquet, made a tonal and delicious hard dish, which will definitely impress your relatives and friends, be praised by your peers, be admired by your younger generation, be deeply loved by your partner, and be promoted and raised in your job! Go to the peak of your life immediately!
If you haven’t decided what to do, let the Star Chef Competition and the hard dish guide for the New Year’s Eve give you inspiration!
Guide to hard dishes for 2020 New Year’s Eve.
In 2020, we invited chefs from major star-rated hotels in Chengdu to show us the hard dishes in their hearts. Just saying a few things will make people drool.
Baked Alaskan Crab with Garlic Flavor
The combination of thick garlic and Alaskan crab is bright and fragrant, and simple seasoning can set off the sweetness of crab meat, which is full of the whole mouth and has endless aftertaste.
Sesame crackling Diao roast chicken
When it comes to lifting roast chicken, many foodies are salivating, because its crispness and separation of flesh and blood are comparable to ordinary roast chicken, and with the fresh fragrance of sesame seeds, it will trigger your taste buds.
Boiled beef with green pepper sauce
The fat cow cooked with the secret green pepper juice is full of the flavor of the sauce, and the refreshing and exciting taste in one bite is still full of fat cows full of vigor, which is really unique.
This year, ace chefs will bring you a brand-new batch of delicious food in the Star Chef Competition, and take you to taste the "hard dishes of the group annual banquet" in Chengdu hotels and Chinese restaurants in the Spring Festival of 2024!
Looking for Chengdu, the star chef arrived.
"Chengdu 4th Star Chef Competition" and "Dragon" re-appeared!
The whole city collects the most "hard" taste of 2024!
Long press the poster to identify the QR code to register!
Taste Chengdu together and celebrate the Year of China!
Looking forward to your registration, come and participate!
A stone stirs up a thousand waves. Recently, a lottery winner in Gansu won the 100 million yuan prize for the two-color ball, and successfully redeemed all the 113 million yuan prize money at the provincial welfare lottery distribution center in Lanzhou on December 3, setting a record for single winning in the history of lottery in China. What kind of lottery game is a two-color ball? How can the two-color ball bonus be as high as 100 million yuan? How did the billion-dollar prize come into being? A series of question marks aroused people’s extensive interest and even raised doubts about it. Therefore, China Social News reporter interviewed the relevant person in charge of China Welfare Lottery Issuance Management Center.
What kind of lottery game is a two-color ball?
Two-color ball is a double-zone lottery lottery suitable for China’s national conditions, which is scientifically designed, improved and innovated by China Welfare Lottery Issuance Management Center based on the successful issuance experience of foreign lottery tickets. Approved by the Ministry of Finance, it was listed and issued on February 16th, 2003. Two-color ball adopts double-zone betting, and each bet is 2 yuan. The bettor needs to select 6 or more of the 33 red ball numbers and 1 or more of the 16 blue ball numbers at the same time to form a bet. If the number selected by the buyer is exactly the same as the number shaken during the lottery, the first prize will be won.
Lotto lottery has the characteristics of large number of small prizes and high prize amount. Because it has a prize pool, the prize pool amount generally determines the prize amount. Therefore, with the increase of the prize pool, it is easy to arouse the interest of lottery buyers and promote the increase of sales. Recently, a lottery ticket in Germany has accumulated more than 38 million euros (more than 400 million yuan), which attracted German lottery players to snap up lottery tickets for this reason. It is precisely because of this feature and charm that lottery tickets are popular all over the world. At present, it accounts for about 42% of the world lottery sales, making it the most common and mainstream lottery variety. As a lottery ticket, the two-color ball has been increasingly favored by lottery players in China since its listing in 2003, and its weekly sales volume has increased from about 10 million yuan at first to about 450 million yuan at present. Since the beginning of this year, the sales volume has exceeded 17 billion yuan, and nearly 6 billion yuan of social welfare fund has been raised for the country. A total of 470 notes were won in the first prize of 5 million yuan, which is the most popular lottery game with the highest sales volume in China color market.
How can the winning amount of two-color ball be as high as 100 million?
The two-color ball is a kind of lottery ticket, but it has different characteristics from foreign general lottery tickets, mainly because the grand prize amount is capped at 5 million yuan. In other words, no matter how much the prize pool accumulates, the amount of the single-note prize must not exceed 5 million yuan. However, although the grand prize is capped, lottery players also have the opportunity to get higher bonuses. When the prize pool is high, some lottery players will adopt the method of one-bet multi-investment, that is, choose a group of numbers and buy lottery tickets with the same number of 2 bets, 5 bets and 10 bets. The higher the prize pool, the more bets they buy the same number. Although more money is invested in one bet, the amount spent is not much. For example, the winner of the 100 million yuan grand prize only spent 40 yuan. Therefore, this betting method is often adopted by lottery players, but it occasionally works. Over the past four years, 56 people across the country have won more than two prizes through the method of one bet and more votes. A lottery player in Heilongjiang made a 15-fold bet on four groups of numbers, and won the first prize of 15 notes in the 2007119 issue of the two-color ball, with a total prize of more than 65 million yuan; At the betting station No.13150026, Smurfs Internet Cafe, Haigang Development Zone, Laoting County, Tangshan City, Hebei Province, a lottery player named Liu won 105 million yuan with two single tickets with five times bet, and won a total prize of 50 million yuan; Mr. Wang from Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province won the first prize with a 6-fold "7+2" double ticket, with a total prize of more than 30 million yuan.
According to the rules of the two-color ball game, if no one wins the first prize in the current period, the first prize will be rolled into the next period. If many periods are missed or the number of winning bets is small, the prize pool amount will be accumulated to a higher amount. November 27, 2007, is the lottery day of two-color ball lottery. The current prize pool has accumulated to 120 million yuan, which has also caused a sensation in the market. Many people are eager to try and win the grand prize by means of one injection and more investment. It is not surprising that a lottery player in Gansu made a bet of 20 times the amount of 40 yuan on the afternoon of November 27th. His goal is to win the first prize of 20-note two-color ball, and the prize pool at that time can also satisfy his desire to get a prize of 20-note 5 million yuan, totaling 100 million yuan.
How did the 100 million yuan bonus come about?
The time for the two-color ball lottery is 8: 45pm every Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday, and the lottery is held three times a week. The lottery is broadcast live on TV (with a delay of 30 seconds) and the program lasts for 8 minutes, which is broadcast on China Education Television CETV-1.
According to the computer room of Gansu Welfare Lottery Distribution Center, at 14: 48 on November 27, the winner bought a double ticket with a note of "6+16", that is, six red numbered balls were selected, namely 6, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 22, which were combined with 1- 16 blue numbered balls to make a 32 yuan. At 14: 51, another group of numbers (6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 22 in red and 6 in blue) was selected from the 16 groups of numbers just purchased, and 20 bets were purchased. These two lottery tickets are normal bets and entered the database of Gansu Welfare Lottery Center. At 20 o’clock that night, the sales of Gansu Fucai two-color ball ended, and at the same time, the public began to enter the live broadcast of the two-color ball lottery in Beijing; At 20: 10, the audience will select the lottery balls for the current period (there are 4 sets of lottery balls in total, and 2 sets will be selected in the current period, one for the positive selection and one for standby); At 20: 15, under the supervision of the notary, the staff opened the safe and took out the selected two sets of lottery balls; At 20: 20, the notary and the staff jointly put the current lottery ball into the lottery machine; At 20: 45, the lottery began; At 20: 50, the lottery numbers of the current period were generated: red ball numbers 6, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 22, and basketball number 6. Subsequently, the notary delivered a notarized speech. At this point, the current lottery number is generated. At 20: 55, the lottery number was signed and sealed and sent to the provincial centers by fax; At 21: 10, after receiving the fax of the lottery number, Gansu Provincial Center conducted data retrieval according to the conventional procedure.The search results show that there are 21 first prizes in Jiayuguan No.62020119 betting station, of which 20 bets are multiple bets, and the 100 million yuan prize is generated.
The government management department requires that lottery agencies have the responsibility to keep the personal information of the winners confidential and shall not disclose it to the public without the consent of the winners themselves. Lottery agencies must obtain the consent of the winners in advance before arranging media interviews with the winners. When the winner of the 100 million yuan prize in Gansu contacted the Welfare Lottery Center of Gansu Province to receive the prize, the Welfare Lottery Center of Gansu Province asked the winner whether he would accept media interviews, and the winner clearly stated that he would "resolutely not accept media interviews". Therefore, the Welfare Lottery Center of Gansu Province did not arrange the media to interview the winners when they received their prizes, which was handled in accordance with relevant regulations. It is also inappropriate for the media to question the lottery institutions or the winners who acted in accordance with the regulations without directly interviewing the winners.
Since 2005, there have been lottery players, betting station salesmen and journalists from all over the country, and the general scale is about 50 people. At present, more than 11,000 people have been received at the lottery site. On November 27th, a delegation of 44 members of the public from Chongqing "Approaching the Two-color Ball" arrived in Beijing, watched the whole process of the 2007139th live lottery of China Welfare Lottery, and took a group photo at the lottery site as a souvenir, witnessing the birth of the 100 million yuan prize of the two-color ball.
China Welfare Lottery Issuance Management Center emphasizes that lottery is a lucky game, and each lottery is an independent random event. The winning numbers are randomly generated, and the lottery is irregular. All odd or even lottery numbers are possible, and 17 odd or even numbers have been generated in the past. And always advocate lottery friends to buy lottery tickets, give love, do what they can, make rational bets, buy lottery tickets with an entertaining attitude, and treat winning with a peaceful attitude. Winning is a kind of luck, and not winning is also a contribution to social welfare.
More news:
The birth of China’s first lottery billionaire has been questioned on the Internet.
Migrant workers lost their love and bought lottery tickets, and 5 million wanted to test their ex-girlfriends without winning the prize.
[Video] Taiwan Province Lotto Lottery opened the first prize of NT$ 250 million with 5 notes.
Master’s research lottery won a total of 40 million yuan and invested 3 million yuan in 6 years.
On the first prize of Taiwan lottery, 800 million netizens raised money to buy fans and knelt down to ask for the number.
Editor: Zhu Zhen
[In December, a total of 53.284 billion yuan of lottery tickets were sold nationwide, down 13.8% year-on-year] On January 29th, the Ministry of Finance released the national lottery ticket sales in December 2023. In December, a total of 53.284 billion yuan of lottery tickets were sold nationwide, down 8.565 billion yuan year-on-year, down 13.8%. Among them, the sales of welfare lottery institutions was 17.476 billion yuan, an increase of 5.646 billion yuan, an increase of 47.7%; The sales of sports lottery institutions reached 35.808 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 14.211 billion yuan or 28.4%. Mainly due to the high base of the pulling factors of the football World Cup in the same period last year. From January to December, the national lottery sales totaled 579.696 billion yuan, an increase of 155.044 billion yuan or 36.5%. Among them, the sales of welfare lottery institutions was 194.441 billion yuan, an increase of 46.311 billion yuan, an increase of 31.3%; The sales of sports lottery institutions reached 385.255 billion yuan, an increase of 108.733 billion yuan or 39.3%.

Today, the highest temperature in the province is 34.5℃
Appear in Wuxi city
Although that high temperature line of 35 DEG C is not reach.
But the relative humidity in most parts of the province is around 60%
Wuxi and Suzhou reach 80%+
The somatosensory temperature is much higher than the monitored temperature.

When the air temperature is 32℃
When the relative humidity reaches 60%
The somatosensory temperature can reach 37℃
Did your somatosensory temperature break 40℃

Little friends remember to open more windows for ventilation.
Don’t stay in the air-conditioned room for a long time.
Drink plenty of water and get enough sleep.
The province will be fine in the next three days.
From 20: 00 on August 9 to 20: 00 on August 10, the whole province was cloudy. Maximum temperature: 32 ~ 33℃ in the whole province; Minimum temperature: 22 ~ 23℃ in Huaibei area and 24 ~ 25℃ in other areas. The northerly wind in the province is 3-4.
From 20: 00 on August 10th to 20: 00 on August 11th, the whole province was sunny to cloudy. Maximum temperature: about 34℃ in the northwest of this province, 30 ~ 31℃ in the northeast and 32 ~ 33℃ in other areas; Minimum temperature: about 23℃ in the whole province. The northerly wind in the province turns to the easterly wind, and the winds are all 3-4.
From 20: 00 on August 11th to 20: 00 on August 12th, the whole province was sunny to cloudy. Maximum temperature: 35 ~ 36℃ in the northwest of this province, and around 34℃ in other areas; Minimum temperature: around 25℃ along the Yangtze River and southern Jiangsu, and 23 ~ 24℃ in other areas.
Urban weather

Original title: "Jiangsu Meteorological Latest Release:" Sauna "Mode Continues"
Read the original text
BEIJING, Jan. 15 (Reporter Shangguan Yun) Every winter, the howling cold wind becomes the standard, especially in the northern part of China, where it is often freezing, and people have to wrap themselves up from head to toe when they go out.
Even now, how did people spend the winter in ancient times when the material conditions were relatively poor and there was no heating?
How to keep the house warm? Get to know the fire wall and fire resistance
One winter many years ago, Bai Juyi, a great poet, wrote a poem, "I know that the snow is heavy at night, but I can hear the sound of bamboo breaking", lamenting that the bedding is cold and the heavy snow has broken the bamboo, which shows that the weather is cold. In the cold winter, a warm house is undoubtedly the best way to keep warm.

Data map: Students are experiencing the northeast folk fire kang. Photo by Liu Dong
In ancient times, fireplaces and fire walls were all good ways to keep warm. People build a house wall into a hollow sandwich wall, and a fire tunnel is dug under the wall. There are air holes at the end of the fire tunnel to discharge smoke, and the charcoal port for adding fire is under the eaves of the house. After the charcoal fires, the heat can be transferred to the whole house along the sandwich wall. This kind of sandwich wall is called "fire wall".
The farther north, the colder and longer the winter is, and the "fire kang" has become a good way to resist the cold. Kang has a stove mouth and a smoke mouth, which are used for heating and smoke exhaust respectively. In the north of China, the stove mouth of the kang is mostly connected with the stove, so it can keep warm when cooking.
The heating facilities in the palace are more exquisite. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a greenhouse hall in the court, which was equipped with various warm-keeping facilities. "Miscellanies of Xijing" records: "The greenhouse hall is painted with pepper and mud, and the wall is covered with splendid flowers, with cinnamon as the main part, and a fire mica screen … …”
At that time, the palace where the Queen lived was called "pepper room temple", and the mixture of pepper and mud was used as the material for painting the walls, which not only allowed the temperature to be measured, but also had a faint fragrance.
If there were no conditions, the ancients would use the warm sunshine as much as possible, and when building a house, they would choose the orientation of "sitting north facing south" to let the warm sunshine shine into the house; Then, put a bamboo ceiling or other "floor" on the roof to prevent dust and keep out the cold.
Warm wine and hot pot … … Winter fancy diet

Data Map: People are waiting for boiling around the "Ice and Snow Hot Pot". Photo by Liu Wenhua
In winter, the human body has a high demand for calories, so the ancients would choose to eat some warm food as much as possible. Such as ginger, mutton and dog meat.
The ancients thought that drinking alcohol could warm the body. Bai Juyi mentioned in "a suggestion to my friend liu", "Green ant new baked wine, there’s a stir of red in the quiet stove. There’s a feeling of snow in the dusk outside, what about a cup of wine inside?? " Scholars sit around the fire in the cold winter, make a pot of hot tea or wine, and have a drink with friends at night, which is also very comfortable.
Hot pot is naturally a standard in winter diet. There is a saying that hot pot was called "antique soup" in ancient times, and it was named after the "splash" sound when food was put into boiling water.
By the Song Dynasty, eating hot pot was more common. In Lin Hong’s cookbook Shan Jia Qing Gong in the Southern Song Dynasty, there was an introduction similar to eating hot pot.
Warm hat, gloves and coat … … Tips for keeping clothes warm
In winter clothes, modern people have cotton-padded jackets and down jackets, but the ancients were not so well treated. It is said that in winter, poor families can only sew catkins and reed flowers into clothes or quilt covers to keep out the cold. After cotton was planted and applied in a large area, the situation was better.

In the TV series A Dream of Red Mansions, people’s costumes after the snow. Image source: 87 version of "Dream of Red Mansions" video screenshot
Wealthy people with well-to-do families will choose to make coats and cloaks with animal fur, so as to keep out the wind. Hands and feet are prone to frostbite, so the ancients made various styles of gloves, some of which were short gloves with fingers exposed, and some of which could wrap all the fingers with patterns embroidered on them, which was very fashionable.
The warm-keeping measures for the head are even more varied. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a kind of "Fanmao" that came from the western regions. It was also called "ear cap", and there were ear protectors on both sides of the hat, which hung down just to protect the ears in winter. In the Yuan Dynasty, wealthy women used a trowel to keep warm, and there were "lying rabbits" and "Zhao Jun sets", which had similar functions.
No matter how warm the room is, people still have to go out. At that time, riding a horse or riding a carriage was a faster mode of transportation. When traveling in winter, people would wear hoods to keep out the wind and sand. It is said that Kublai Khan had many warm hats of skin and silver mouse.
In addition, there is something called "ear warming", which is made of fox skin, a bit like earmuffs used by modern people.
"Cold artifact"? Soup woman and hand warmer can have.
While paying attention to keeping warm, people will also have various small objects called "cold-proof artifacts" at hand, such as "soup woman", hand stove, foot stove and so on. In addition, families with conditions use artificial charcoal for heating, and aristocratic homes pay more attention to it.

Data Map: Dunhuang Research Institute combed and summarized the life interest of ancient people in the statues, murals and Dunhuang suicide notes in the ancient Dunhuang Grottoes, that is, decorating incense burners to add fragrance to winter. The picture shows the incense burner displayed in the silk painting "Shuiyue Guanyin Bodhisattva (partial)" unearthed in Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra Cave. Photo courtesy of Dunhuang Research Institute
Su Shi, Zeng Zeng, gave an old man a "copper leg warmer", and wrote to tell him how to use it: fill the hot soup, plug the water inlet, wrap the cloth sheet, and sleep very warm at night. Judging from the efficacy, it is a bit like a hot water bottle today.
If you are worried that it is not warm enough, you can consider going to the stove or smoking cage. The shapes and sizes of smoking cages vary: the big ones can reach hundreds of kilograms; Small ones can be lifted, and elegant people will carve exquisite patterns on them, which is quite artistic.
Hand-held stoves can be called "warm babies" in ancient times, which can be carried around, and also have the elegant names of "sleeve stoves" and "holding stoves"; There is a hand stove, and naturally there is a foot stove. As the name implies, this is used to warm feet. Others use a "fuming stove" to adjust the room temperature, and put some spices in it to make the room full of incense after heating, killing two birds with one stone.
In fact, the ancients did not have heating and various advanced measures to keep out the cold, but they combined with real life and invented many items to solve the heating problem, and many designs have been extended to the present. (End)
The first cold, freezing rain and snow weather in 2024
People in Guangxi are shivering with cold.
As soon as many friends get home,
I took it out.
The same "standard movements" as in summer:
Turn on the air conditioner, set it to 26℃ and start heating.
but
Blow for a while
I always feel that something is wrong …
The air conditioner is turned on to 26℃ in summer.
You can stay indoors.
Wear short-sleeved shorts and have fun
Why is it open to 26℃ in winter?
anyway/no matter what/ in any case
You have to wear long-sleeved trousers.
It doesn’t feel too warm, does it
in fact
Many people will have it in their hearts
Questions like this:
26℃ of air conditioner in summer
It feels like that.
In winter,
The total feeling is "false 26℃"
I can’t help but doubt my life.
Don’t blow a lonely?
Dig into the reason
It’s a little complicated
Take you to reveal the secret
There is nothing wrong with your body feeling.
The temperature of 26℃ in air-conditioned rooms in winter is just different.
First of all, expose a truth that many people don’t know:
Setting the air conditioner to 26℃ does not mean that the wind blown by the machine is 26℃, but that we want the indoor temperature to become 26℃.
Therefore, the summer temperature is 35℃, and we set the air conditioner at home to 26℃. In order to lower the room temperature to this temperature, the air conditioner will blow cold air; When the temperature is 0℃ in winter, we set the air conditioner at home to 26℃. In order to raise the room temperature to this temperature, the air conditioner will blow hot air.
The above is easy to understand, but then another key knowledge point comes: cold air has a large proportion, love to run down, warm air has a small proportion, and love to flee up.
We often install the air conditioner on the wall two or three meters above the ground, and the components that sense the ambient temperature in the air conditioner are also located in the high place of the room, that is, the place where warm air gathers.
So, when everyone sets the air conditioner to 26℃ in winter, the people who stay under the air conditioner haven’t warmed up yet, but the air conditioner in the high place has "felt" that the indoor temperature is 26℃, which is warm enough and the task is completed.
In addition, the temperature of the wall is quite different in winter and summer.
Let’s assume that the indoor temperature is the same in winter and summer, and the temperature distribution in the room is even, but you will still be significantly colder in winter. Why? Because the wall is cold, it is also conducting heat.
Heat will flow from high-temperature objects to low-temperature objects, so in winter, the walls of air-conditioned rooms will continuously conduct and transport warm heat to the cold outdoor. So if you want to really feel the indoor warmth of 26℃, wait for the wall to heat up slowly.
Wet air cooling
It will also weaken the "power" of air conditioning heating.
In addition, specifically to the southern region, another reason why air conditioning is not so warm in winter is wet and cold. Because of the cold water hidden in the air, it absorbs the heat from your skin all the time. When they are dried and evaporated by your body temperature, they will take away some heat.
Wet cold is everywhere, between clothes and skin, between socks and feet. As long as there is air, this wet cold will accompany you. Therefore, in winter, we might as well try the "dehumidification" mode of air conditioning first. When you feel the air is drier, is it warmer?
Dry mouth and nosebleed
"Winter air conditioning disease" can not be ignored either.
However, solving the wet and cold, another problem that comes with it may be air-conditioning disease in winter.
Everyone is familiar with air-conditioning diseases in summer, and there are also air-conditioning diseases in winter, which can not be ignored. People who stay in air-conditioned rooms for a long time in winter may have symptoms such as dry mouth, dizziness, sore throat, cough, irritability, tight skin, etc. Many people wake up in the morning and feel thirsty and even have nasal bleeding.
In addition, in rooms where floor heating and heating are used, people are also prone to "heating sickness", and the symptoms are similar to air conditioning sickness. The reason is nothing more than two factors: too high temperature and too low humidity.

First of all, under normal circumstances, the human body will evaporate about 1000 ml of water every day, including 600~700 ml through the skin and 300~400 ml through the respiratory tract. After heating, the room is dry, and the human body loses more water. In such an environment for a long time, many systems of the body will be unsuitable.
In addition, if the heating temperature at home is too high and the air continues to be dry, it will cause the secretion of respiratory mucosa to decrease. In addition, in order to keep warm, the window ventilation will be reduced, and dust and bacteria at home will attach to the mucosa, which will easily lead to diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection and bronchial asthma.
Dry air in the air-conditioned room will aggravate the evaporation of tears, cause insufficient wetting of the angle and conjunctiva, and cause dry eyes and visual fatigue. In addition, when people stare at mobile phones, computers and other electronic screens, they will unconsciously reduce the number of blinks, and the secretion of tears is insufficient, which will easily induce dry eye syndrome over time. Exposure to air-conditioned environment will accelerate the loss of water in the skin, leading to symptoms such as dryness, tightness, peeling, roughness and itching.
Patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases should pay special attention to it. When the indoor temperature is high, patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases go out to contact cold air, which will easily lead to vasoconstriction and spasm, and blood pressure will suddenly change. When the organism is short of water, it will easily lead to the increase of blood viscosity, which may lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Correct prevention of "air conditioning disease" and "heating disease" in winter can start from the following points:
1. When using air conditioner, adjust the direction of air outlet.
In winter, when the air conditioner is heating, the temperature is too high, the temperature rises too fast, and it is blowing directly on the human body, which will cause some problems. Therefore, the air conditioner should be adjusted to medium wind and the tuyere should be adjusted to blow down.
2. Air conditioning temperature should not be too high, pay attention to regular ventilation.
If the indoor temperature is too high, it will easily lead to cough and chapped lips. It is necessary to control the indoor temperature and humidity and keep the air circulating. The room temperature is preferably between 18℃ and 22℃, and it is guaranteed to open the window twice a day for at least half an hour each time.
3. Keep indoor air humidity.
To prevent the room from being too dry, it is recommended to keep the humidity at 50%~60%, and a humidifier can be placed in the room to increase the air humidity. At the same time, you can also put pots of water in the house, or put some aquatic plants to adjust the indoor humidity. Note that the humidifier can’t always be on.
4. Pay attention to replenish water in time.
Being in an air-conditioned room for a long time will make your skin dry and rough, so you should pay attention to hydrating, drink 1500~2000 ml of water every day, or eat more fresh fruits and vegetables.
Source | Popular Science China, Henan CDC, Health Times, Public Health, etc.
Reprinted only as a guide to life or popular science. If there is any infringement, please contact to delete it.
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