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　　　　CCTV.com News (to be honest, broadcast on October 28th): Click to watch the video > > >

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　 Wang Xuemei personally dissected more than 600 bodies.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 Wang Xuemei in life is a very fashionable woman.

　　Wang Xuemei, born in 1956, received a master’s degree in forensic medicine from Xi ‘an Medical University in 1986; In 1986, he went to the Supreme People’s Procuratorate to engage in forensic professional and technical work. He is currently the vice president of the Chinese Forensic Medicine Society and the deputy director of the the Supreme People’s Procuratorate Procuratorate Technology Information Research Center. He has organized and undertaken the forensic examination and appraisal of hundreds of serious and difficult cases submitted by provincial procuratorial organs. On behalf of the procuratorial organs, he participated in the forensic examination and appraisal of nearly 100 national-level serious and difficult cases.

　　In an ordinary office of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate Inspection Technology Information Research Center, we often receive some forensic review materials of difficult cases sent from all over the country. As a forensic expert in the information center, Wang Xuemei often has to face forensic examination and appraisal of some major cases, and her inspection conclusion will directly affect the final trial of the case.

　　For more than 20 years, she has participated in the forensic examination and identification of nearly 100 national-level serious and difficult cases on behalf of procuratorial organs, so she is called detective female forensic by the media.

　

　　　　　　　　　

　

　　　　　

Editor: Liu Yashu

　　On October 28th, an adult Yangtze finless porpoise was found dead on the beach near Jishan Mountain in duchang county, Jiangxi Province. According to the statistics of the public welfare organization for the protection of finless porpoises, this is the 21st Yangtze finless porpoise that died this year. In recent years, the number of Yangtze finless porpoises has been decreasing. In May this year, the Yangtze finless porpoise officially became a national first-class protected animal. Beijing Youth Daily reporter was informed yesterday that in order to better protect this "water spirit", the Yangtze finless porpoise ecological scientific expedition will officially set sail in November, which is the third Yangtze finless porpoise scientific expedition conducted in China after a lapse of five years.

　　The third Yangtze finless porpoise scientific research will be launched.

　　Yangtze finless porpoise is the only freshwater finless porpoise in the world. This round-headed, smiling creature has lived on earth for 25 million years. According to the statistics of scientific research in 2012, the population of Yangtze finless porpoise is about 1045, which is a veritable "giant panda in water".

　　In order to accurately grasp the population dynamics of the Yangtze finless porpoise and provide more basic technical information for the protection of the Yangtze finless porpoise, the "2017 Yangtze finless porpoise ecological scientific investigation" led by the Ministry of Agriculture will be launched in November.

　　A person in charge of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that the investigation will last for about 40 days, covering the main stream of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and the main tributaries of the Weihe River. On November 10th, two scientific research vessels will set sail from Wuhan, passing through Wuhan — Yichang — Wuhan — Shanghai — Wuhan, the whole journey is about 3400 kilometers. In addition to the main stream inspection, the expedition team will also inspect Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake, the main habitats of finless porpoises. About 30 scientific researchers participated in the investigation, which were divided into visual group, acoustic group and environmental monitoring group.

　　According to the person in charge, this expedition referred to the investigation plans in 2006 and 2012, and mainly used visual observation and acoustic monitoring to investigate the finless porpoise. Different from previous years, this investigation will make an in-depth investigation of the finless porpoise habitat, including water quality, surrounding environment, sailing ships and fishing activities, and take photos of it with drones. In addition, the scope of this expedition will be wider. In addition to two scientific research vessels in the main stream, some tributaries will also be inspected by speedboats.

　　21 finless porpoises have been found dead this year.

　　The finless porpoise has lived in the Yangtze River basin for 25 million years. However, it was not until 2006 that people discovered that this beautiful creature called "smiling angel" was accelerating to leave us. In 2006, an international investigation team composed of scientists from seven countries, including China, the United States, Britain, Switzerland, Japan, Germany and India, conducted a large-scale investigation on freshwater dolphins in the Yangtze River, and conducted a comprehensive investigation on the living conditions of finless porpoises.

　　After a 39-day and 3,400-kilometer arduous search by experts from seven countries, the expedition team found no trace of baiji. In 2007, the British academic journal "The Royal Society’s Biological Letterhead" published the report of "2006 Yangtze finless porpoise investigation" by scientists from seven countries, officially announcing the functional extinction of baiji. The living conditions of finless porpoises are also not optimistic. Only 700 to 900 finless porpoises have been found in the 1667-kilometer section of the main stream from Yichang to Shanghai. Scientists estimate that with the populations of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, the Yangtze finless porpoise population is about 1,800, with an annual decline rate of 6.4%.

　　In 2012, in order to find out the living conditions of freshwater dolphins in the Yangtze River again, the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Wuhan Baiji Dolphin Conservation Foundation conducted another investigation on the Yangtze River dolphins. After 44 days of investigation, no baiji was observed, and a total of 380 Yangtze finless porpoises were found visually. Compared with 851 in 2006, the population of finless porpoises decreased obviously. The investigation team estimated that the Yangtze finless porpoise population was about 1,045, including about 450 in Poyang Lake, about 90 in Dongting Lake and about 505 in the main stream of the Yangtze River, with an annual decline rate of 13.7% more than twice that before 2006.

　　In recent years, people have paid more and more attention to the protection of finless porpoises. Zhang Kunyu, a finless porpoise protection volunteer, told Beiqing Daily that volunteers would register every dead finless porpoise found. Since the first dead finless porpoise was found in yugan county, Shangrao City in February 2017, 21 finless porpoises have died. "If we register one end, there will definitely be omissions, and the actual situation may be more than this number." Zhang Kunyu said.

　　On October 28th, a location photographer found a dead adult finless porpoise on the beach while collecting wind at Xiaba Beach, Jishan, duchang county, with its body moderately decomposed. Wuhan Institute of Aquatic Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences transported the dead finless porpoise away to further analyze the cause of death.

　　Volunteers patrol more than 300 days a year.

　　There is also a group of people guarding this group of "water elves". He Shouxiu is a volunteer of Yueyang Dongdongting Ecological Protection Association, who calls himself "the guardian of Dongting".

　　The main threat of Yangtze finless porpoise comes from illegal fishing. "In the past, a net mouth of a fishing net could be inserted into four fingers. Now, no chopsticks can be inserted, and even small fish can’t escape." Zhang Kunyu told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that this kind of fishing method made the fishery resources in the Yangtze River basin seriously scarce and indirectly affected the survival of finless porpoises.

　　In addition, the use of poisonous fish, fried fish, electric fishing, ecstasy, rolling hooks and other fishing tools used in illegal fishing will directly harm the finless porpoise. "I have seen a dead finless porpoise with more than a dozen hooks, which is very cruel." He Shouxiu said.

　　The bigger threat comes from the deterioration of habitat. "The endangered finless porpoise is different from the Tibetan antelope. The endangered Tibetan antelope is mainly due to poaching. When the state strengthens the punishment for poaching, the number of Tibetan antelopes will rise rapidly. The finless porpoise is different. Their endangered is due to the destruction of the entire habitat." He Shouxiu told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that sand digging, shipping and water pollution would damage the habitat of finless porpoises and threaten their survival.

　　"365 days a year, we have more than 300 days on patrol." He Shouxiu told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that once illegal fishing was discovered, it would be reported to the local fishery administration, which would handle it. In order to better patrol, volunteers also set up a protection station in Dongdongting area to achieve all-round protection 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

　　In 2015, the first protection station was established in Bianshan Island. According to the volunteers’ observation, there is a stable and active finless porpoise population near Bianshan Island, and illegal fishing in Bianshan Island is basically banned because of their 24-hour round-the-clock guarding. However, the finless porpoise moves with the fish. In order to better protect it, at the end of 2016, the association purchased a large ship and established a mobile finless porpoise protection station, which will dynamically protect them with the movement of the finless porpoise. "Next, we will go to Coal Bay, which is remote, with weak law enforcement and serious illegal fishing."

　　Faithful wife. Thanks to the efforts of volunteers, the number of finless porpoises in Dongting Lake has increased significantly. The results of scientific research in 2012 showed that the number of Yangtze finless porpoises in Dongting Lake basin was around 90. According to the observation of the guardian of Dongting Lake, the number of finless porpoises in Dongting Lake basin is about 120 at present. "This is a very rare result. The finless porpoise only gives birth to one baby a year, and the female finless porpoise will take care of the finless porpoise for another year, so it is very difficult to keep the number stable."

　　Text/trainee reporter Zhang Yue Meng

　　In the two experiments conducted successively in the first half of 2018, Haiyan, which has independent intellectual property rights in Tianjin University, achieved the set goals with superior performance, and achieved a new breakthrough in the working depth and sailing mileage of domestic water gliders — —

　　In April, the "Haiyan" 10,000-meter water glider dived to 8,213 meters in the waters near the Mariana Trench, setting a world record for the working depth of the water glider;

　　On May 14th, "Haiyan — L "has been running continuously for 119 days, 862 profiles have been completed, and the sailing mileage is 2,272.4 kilometers, once again setting a new record for domestic underwater gliders, such as the longest continuous working time, the most measured profiles and the longest cruising range.

　　From the depth of 100 meters in 2005 to 500 meters in 2009 and 8213 meters in 2018, the "Haiyan" research team started from scratch and turned the dream of "asking about the sea" into reality step by step.

　　More than 10 years of painstaking research, demonstration application "show your talents"

　　Shaped like a torpedo, it is 2.3 meters long (excluding antenna), 0.22 meters in diameter and weighs about 78 kilograms. Compared with the traditional unmanned cableless submersible (AUV), Haiyan is light and thin.

　　"Haiyan" of Tianjin University — — The project "Key Technologies and Applications of Hybrid-driven Underwater Vehicle" focuses on a new type of unmanned cableless underwater autonomous vehicle. It combines buoyancy drive and propeller propulsion technology, which can not only achieve the same turning and horizontal movement as AUV, but also have the ability of profile gliding of traditional underwater gliders, and can do zigzag movement.

　　The world’s first underwater glider was born in 1991. "In 2001, I learned about the research progress of underwater gliders abroad in an article. The demand of marine environment and resource exploration makes the activity ability of underwater robots have to be extended from fixed points to a large range, from shallow sea to deep sea, from short time to all weather, and underwater gliders are an effective means to achieve these goals. So our team focused on the water glider. " Wang Shuxin, Vice President of Tianjin University, introduced.

　　Plus Wang Shuxin, there were only four or five core members of the team at that time. Due to the strict blockade of this technology abroad, the related research in China is still blank. We should start with the information, and do it ourselves from design to assembly.

　　"Without funds, we will do research in a small workshop for students to practice and test the water in the Youth Lake of Tianjin University." Wang Yanhui, a professor at the School of Mechanical Engineering of Tianjin University, was a master student at that time, and he has never left this research since he joined the team in 2002.

　　The cruising range is an important index of underwater unmanned glider, and finding the appropriate energy functional materials is the key. "In order to solve this problem, the project team conducted numerous brainstorming, and the experiment was conducted late at night every day. This state lasted for more than a month, but still nothing was achieved. During that time, everyone was suffering." Wang Yanhui said.

　　One night, Wang Shuxin had an inspiration: Try a paraffin wax used for the surface of clothes. "Unexpectedly, this is the energy material we have been searching for." Wang Yanhui and others were overjoyed by the test results.

　　In 2005, the team successfully developed the first generation of water gliders driven by temperature difference energy, with a working depth of 100 meters. In 2009, the second generation hybrid propulsion underwater glider "Haiyan" was successfully developed with a working depth of 500 meters. Also in this year, the team named it "Haiyan", which means that it is as light as a swallow and weather-beaten. "Haiyan" is also a spirit that supports project participants.

　　In the spring of 2014, Haiyan participated in the mid-term evaluation of standardized sea trials. Under the full supervision of the third party, it successfully completed a series of tasks such as single cycle, multi-cycle and long voyage, and set many records such as the longest trouble-free voyage, the longest time, the most profile movement and the largest working depth of the China underwater glider at that time.

　　Today, "Haiyan" has taken the lead in "showing its talents" in China’s key marine technologies and demonstration applications, and has been successfully applied to major national projects such as water quality monitoring of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, environmental investigation in the South China Sea and marine national defense construction.

　　8213 meters deep sea exploration, Mariana returned with honor.

　　Mariana Trench is the deepest trench on the earth at present. With the strong support of national ministries and commissions, the "Haiyan" team in 2018 has developed underwater glider products with different depth lineages, such as 200m, 1500m, 4000m and 10000m, making sufficient preparations for going to the Mariana Sea.

　　2 sets of Haiyan — 1500 "and 1" Haiyan — 4000 "and 1" Haiyan — 10,000 "went to sea at the same time, among which Haiyan — 10000”。 Although all the equipment has been tested in the laboratory, every member of the team still feels a lot of pressure.

　　“‘ Haiyan ’ Every time we go to the sea, our mood is as anxious as waiting for our children to return safely. " Wang Yanhui said, "Typhoon, undercurrent and great pressure on the seabed that may be encountered in the sea trial are of great significance to ‘ Haiyan ’ It is a challenge. "

　　"Sometimes, even if it comes back an hour or two late, it is a huge suffering for us." Yang Ming, a doctoral student of the research group and born in 1992, went to sea with Haiyan when he was doing his undergraduate graduation project four years ago. In his memory, the most worrying one was Haiyan — 4000 "is two hours later than the expected" home "time. "Everyone is hanging a heart, eagerly waiting for the computer to send ‘ Haiyan ’ The signal of returning. " Yang Ming said.

　　Internationally, it is not uncommon for water gliders to "get lost" in the experiment, but it is a real "needle in a haystack" to find them back. Worried about "Haiyan" getting lost, Li Haozhang, a 27-year-old doctoral student of the research group, even created a set of algorithms to estimate the possible position of the water glider within a few hours of its loss. Although this algorithm has not had a practical opportunity in Haiyan, which has a 100% recovery rate, in an experiment, the submersible of other teams was "accidentally" recovered.

　　"In the Mariana waters, five of us are on duty in turn. When the ship’s equipment is received ‘ Haiyan ’ We were all very excited when the signal came out of the water and marked its latitude and longitude position at that time. " Yang Ming said. After the scientific research ship recovered Haiyan, everyone downloaded the data it brought back at the first time. When the depth was 8213 meters, the whole team was boiling.

　　The average age is 39 years old, and more young people dream of the deep sea.

　　Yang Shaoqiong, a lecturer at the School of Mechanical Engineering of Tianjin University who joined the Haiyan team in 2017, found that this team with an average age of 39 was very different. Everyone seems to have a kind of spiritual strength, even if he works for more than ten hours every day, spends more than 100 days in the field every year, and often "floats" at sea, he has no complaints; They have strong hands-on ability. One person stands on the second deck to command, one person controls the crane, one person sets the net, and one person controls the cable, hooking, lifting, laying, unhooking and entering the water, all of which are "good hands"; They are hands-on, very serious, and they all feel "not practical" if they don’t do an experiment once … …

　　Being attacked by sharks, encountering dolphins, and helping the captain to repair the ship, they all experienced it in Wang Yanhui. Because of limited funds, they also gave up two or three thousand tons of scientific research vessels and rented small fishing boats. In 2013, when doing experiments in the South China Sea, the fishing boat broke down just after 20 or 30 nautical miles, and the deck began to enter the water. At that time, it was about 12 o’clock at night. Wang Yanhui and others were watching the test data of Haiyan while scouring the water to save themselves. "It’s quite scary to think about it now, but fortunately, the rescue boat arrived soon." In order not to delay the progress of the experiment, in the early morning, Wang Yanhui and others rented another fishing boat to go to sea.

　　"Haiyan — The research, design, manufacture, assembly and testing of the 10000 "water glider took less than one year. In order to catch up with the time, team members Niu Wendong, Lan Shiquan, Shao Lai, Li Yucong, Sun Chao, Mi Deyuan, Wang Chao, Sun Tongshuai, Lu Faliang and Cui Chenming often worked in the laboratory until 12 pm. In order to ensure the success of the sea trial, Li Haozhang, Zhang Shihe and Bai Yongmin persisted in their work during the Spring Festival, completed the assembly of the energy module and the control module, and set up several sets of automatic test systems, which can test multiple devices at the same time by one person.

　　"Depart from Qingdao to the sea near Mariana Trench, and typhoon ‘ Hide and seek ’ I walked hundreds of miles, but the ship was still shaking so badly that people couldn’t stand on it and things were scattered all over the floor. Even an old crew member like me who goes to sea every year is extremely uncomfortable. " Wang Yanhui said that most of the team that went to sea with him this time were young people born after 1990s, and they were even more seasick and unable to get to the station.

　　With its flexible and compact posture, "Haiyan" can follow marine animals for a long time, dance with whales and obtain data. It can also become a "Transformers" on the seabed by expanding professional instruments such as acoustics and optics, and show its talents in the field of ocean observation and detection. In 2017, 12 "Haiyan" aimed at the "mesoscale vortex" phenomenon, which lasted for nearly two months, successively formed a team and cooperated to form a network, and obtained the hydrological data of the typhoon transit sea area for the first time.

　　China Oceanographic Society and China Pacific Society have selected "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress in China Ocean", among which "Haiyan" water glider ranks. "Our technology is constantly improving, and our dreams have become a reality little by little. This is the greatest pleasure and reward of our work." Wang Shuxin said.

　　At the beginning of March, the new SAIC Audi A7L was officially launched, including the regular version and the special version models – Darth Vader version and RS kit racing version, providing two power versions of 45TFSI and 55TFSI, with a total of 7 configuration models. The new car brings two different styles of appearance design, dynamic suit and trendy suit, which fully interprets the sports gene and aesthetic design of Audi’s century-old brand. Among them, the dynamic suit has newly upgraded the design of the middle grid, side air intake and rear diffuser, and uses dynamic components to enhance the visual impact of the body, creating a sporty and full body image.

　　As a luxury flagship with C + performance, the new SAIC Audi A7L not only represents the inheritance of a century of craftsmanship, but also represents in-depth thinking and exploration of the future luxury driving experience. Luxury is natural, and beauty must be developed. Recently, the exploration trip of the new SAIC Audi A7L was held in Quanzhou – a city that has witnessed the glory of the ancient "Maritime Silk Road" and is still full of youthful vitality.

　　For a city, exploration and innovation are an inexhaustible driving force to promote itself. Even after thousands of years, it can also rejuvenate in the waves of the times. The same is true for car brands.

　　Quanzhou, a city with a blend of historical charm and modern charm, has attracted the attention of the world with its unique historical status and cultural value, from the starting point of Haisi in the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the world’s first "World Multicultural Exhibition Center" of the United Nations. At the same time, the new SAIC Audi A7L has once again refreshed the imagination of a new generation of young elites for their dream cars with its trendy design, excellent driving control and luxurious genes.

　　In the ebb and flow of the tide, guests from all over the world gather in Quanzhou, sharing the prosperity of the starting point of the sea silk, leading the trend of the times. Vehicles follow the most beautiful coastline, and enjoy the style of the fishing port at the outer high fishing terminal. Along, Xiangzhi Xiaoweihai listens to the sound of the waves, interpreting a unique scenery with a trendy posture. Following the A7L’s widest sports style and silent electric suction frameless doors, the new SAIC Audi A7L debuts with two different styles of appearance design: a dynamic suit and a trendy suit. The new permanent gray and smoky brown two exterior colors complement the aesthetic accumulation and trendy attitude, just like reading the bustling Quanzhou coastline, the beauty of the millennium is hidden in the sea breeze.

　　The RS kit racing version debuts with a new exclusive limited exterior color, arrow feather gray. The exclusive interior color, shadow gray, and the super sports seat engraved with the RS logo inherit the RS family style design. Exclusive 21:5-spoke aluminum alloy RS wheels and four-door RS exclusive welcome lights run the RS spirit through every detail of the driving experience, echoing the pioneering and enterprising spirit of this thousand-year-old city.

　　After thousands of years of breathing new things, every stone, every wood, and every word in Quanzhou tells a story about time and ingenuity. The exquisite and vivid puppet show, the beautiful carving skills and the world-famous Yongchun incense making process, after the baptism of time and the inheritance of generations, every inch of details is born of meticulous craftsmanship. Just like the interior design of the new SAIC Audi A7L, it reflects the luxury details of the century-old Audi everywhere. The new luxury and elegant brown interior color expresses the restrained luxury of the Audi brand appropriately, and every detail of the leather seats condenses rigorous and elegant craftsmanship. The minimalist design of the wavy silver brushed aluminum trim board removes all unnecessary modifications, leaving behind the ultimate pursuit of beauty and exquisite carving of details.

　　Driving on the coastline expressway by the mountains and the sea, the vast scene unfolds like a picture scroll, "There are endless seas in the south of the state, and boats are built every year to pass through exotic lands." The coast of Quanzhou makes people feel the surging pride of going to the sea and Kunpeng Wanli. The new SAIC Audi A7L with the strong power of the 3.0T V6 engine allows drivers to experience the pleasure of chasing the wind and waves. When the sea breeze is strong or sharp, the quattro ultra intelligent four-wheel drive system quickly adjusts the power distribution between the front and rear axles, providing stable driving and stable cornering ability. The only combination of adaptive air suspension and dynamic all-wheel steering in the same class not only guarantees the stability and safety of the vehicle by lifting the height of the body, but also ensures the accuracy and sense of movement of the steering action, so that the body can navigate the winding coastline with ease.

　　The trip to Quanzhou is not only a comprehensive display of the new SAIC Audi A7L, but also a collision of time accumulation and trendy charm. While enjoying the intersection of Quanzhou’s long-term cultural heritage and innovative vitality, drivers also feel that SAIC Audi, as a "luxury new force", is redefining the century-old Audi and luxury travel with a more trendy design aesthetic and a younger and fearless attitude.

　　In the future, SAIC Audi will continue to explore more possibilities with its excellent products and enterprising spirit to bring drivers a more personalized luxury travel experience.

　　(Xinmin published this article for the purpose of transmitting automobile information, which does not represent the views of this website)

　　CCTV News:According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics today (27th), in the first three quarters of this year, the year-on-year decline in the total profits of industrial enterprises above designated size showed a trend of narrowing quarter by quarter, with more profit-growing industries and structural improvement in the efficiency of industrial enterprises.

　　Data show that from January to September, the total profits of industrial enterprises above designated size nationwide reached 4,593.35 billion yuan, down 2.1% year-on-year. Among them, it decreased by 3.3% in the first quarter, by 1.9% in the second quarter, and by 1.8% in the third quarter, with the decline narrowing quarter by quarter.

　　From the perspective of industry, in the first nine months of this year, among the 41 industrial categories, the profits of 30 industries increased year-on-year, accounting for more than 70%, an increase of two from January to August.

　　At the same time, the profit growth of high-tech manufacturing and strategic emerging industries accelerated. From January to September, the profits of high-tech manufacturing and strategic emerging industries increased by 6.3% and 4.6% respectively, and the growth rate was 3.5 and 1.6 percentage points faster than that in January-August.

　　In addition, driven by the recovery of profits in the automobile and electronics industries, the profit growth rate of the equipment manufacturing industry turned from negative to positive. Affected by the profit recovery of the above two industries, the profit of equipment manufacturing industry decreased by 0.7% from January to August to increased by 0.9% from January to September.

Compared with the shape code of Wubi, Pinyin has a lower threshold as a phonetic code. What is even more frightening is that behind Pinyin is a whole nine-year compulsory education system.

How did Wubi come from?

In December 1978, the national academic exchange meeting on Chinese character coding was held in Qingdao.

This "Qingdao Conference" brought together many scholars from Chinese Academy of Sciences and universities all over the world. The issues they discussed now seem unimaginable:

How to input Chinese characters into the computer?

It is hard to imagine that Chinese input became a "neck-stuck" technology in China in the 1970s and 1980s, when sogou and iFLYTEK are rampant all over the world and the speed of young people’s handwriting is fast.

The reason is simple, too many Chinese characters.

The GB2312 character set released in 1980 included 6763 Chinese characters, while the GB18030-2005 character set released in 2005 included as many as 70244 Chinese characters.

国标GB18030字符集

Moreover, unlike western letters, Chinese characters do not have a sorting method like "ABCD".

At that time, there was no ready-made solution to how to correspond many disordered Chinese characters to the keys on the keyboard. This also makes Chinese characters lag far behind western countries in information processing, especially in information input.

In the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, when AFP reporters saw that journalists from China were still writing news articles by hand, they were shocked: Of the 7,000 journalists, only Chinese was still writing by hand!

At that time, there were many voices of "Chinese character backwardness" in academic circles, and some extreme scholars even thought that in the computer age, Chinese phonetic alphabet would replace square characters and become the way out for Chinese.

The arguments of "Pinyin Chinese characters", "Pinyin replacing Chinese characters" and even "bilingual" are endless. In some places, there is even a "full pinyin" teaching in schools.

Standing on the eve of the take-off of computer technology, the problem of Chinese character input must be solved.

Many experts and professors put forward different opinions at the meeting. The mainstream view is to develop a keyboard specially designed for Chinese character input.

At that time, there were three kinds of special keyboards for Chinese characters, one was a whole-word keyboard.

That is to say, put thousands of Chinese characters on a keyboard as big as a table according to the radicals, so easy!

If one keyboard is not enough, you can put the second and third keyboard.

The advantages of this scheme are outstanding, there is no learning cost and it is very direct. The shortcomings are also very prominent, except for simplicity and directness: you can’t type blindly, the speed is extremely slow, and it is the limit to input 10 Chinese characters per minute. Moreover, a keyboard costs thousands of dollars, with large equipment and high cost, which is not practical.

The second scheme is to design the "main and auxiliary key keyboard" after the Japanese.

This scheme consists of a main keyboard and an auxiliary keyboard. The auxiliary keyboard is responsible for setting the partition, and the main keyboard can input specific Chinese characters in the partition by pressing the corresponding key.

It can be seen that this scheme is an improvement of the above one, which reduces the size of the equipment, can type with both hands, and is much faster.

But it has caused a huge bug: typists need to remember which partition each Chinese character is in and where it is sorted.

Even if there are only a few thousand Chinese characters, it is a huge learning cost. There is basically no possibility of popularization of this scheme.

The third scheme is Han. A 256-key "Chinese keyboard" scheme proposed by Academician Wang Xuan, the father of Chinese laser phototypesetting.

王选

This scheme divides all Chinese characters into more than 1000 strokes and radicals, and puts them on 256 keys. As long as these "parts" are combined according to the structure, you can spell the desired Chinese characters like Lego.

For the first time, the Chinese keyboard used the method of "character splitting", that is, the "shape code" in the coding type of Chinese characters.

Later Wubi, Zhengma and the Cangjie input method created by Zhu Bangfu in 1976 all used "shape code".

仓颉输入法

Compared with the first two systems, the middle keyboard scheme is obviously much more advanced, but it is far from perfect.

After all, English QWERTY keyboard, with only 26 letter keys, is light enough and has been used internationally. If you can, who doesn’t want to use ready-made things directly, but Chinese characters are really too special.

In the same year that Qingdao Conference was held, Wang Yongmin of Nanyang Science and Technology Commission of Henan Province also joined the development of Chinese character input method.

王永民

Similar to the mainstream idea at that time, he also hoped to make a keyboard dedicated to Chinese characters at first.

In order to achieve this goal, Wang Yongmin decomposed more than 12,000 Chinese characters in Modern Chinese Dictionary one by one, classified and counted them, and summarized more than 600 word-forming units, which Wang Yongmin named as etymons. According to the frequency of occurrence, 125 kinds of them are selected.

With his efforts, he reduced the number of keys on the Chinese keyboard from 256 to 188, and then to 62. By 1982, Wang Yongmin had developed a 36-key scheme.

Moreover, all this was developed without a computer and purely by manual statistics.

At this time, there are two roads in front of him.

One is to promote the 36-key scheme. This scheme was successfully put into operation in 1982. As the most advanced scheme at that time, it was actually possible to popularize it.

The other way is to go back and continue the research, compress the key position until it fully fits the 26-key QWERTY keyboard.

You know, the fewer keys are compressed, the more duplicate codes, that is, the different characters corresponding to a group of keys, and the selection of words will greatly affect the efficiency. At this step, it is very difficult to compress them down.

But Wang Yongmin chose a more difficult path.

In order to reduce the duplication, after nearly a year’s research, Wang Yongmin invented the "last stroke font identification code", which codes and locates the last stroke of each word, thus reducing the duplication rate by an order of magnitude.

On August 28th, 1983, the "five-stroke font" invented by Wang Yongmin was born.

The power of Wubi lies in "quickness" at first.

Because of the introduction of the partition of five strokes, the user can lock the unique Chinese character only by pressing the key five times at most.

There is no duplicate code, which means that users no longer need to choose the words they want. After practice, they can even realize double-blind input, that is, typing without looking at the keyboard or the screen.

Moreover, compared with the big keyboard and the middle keyboard, Wubi has fewer key positions and lower learning cost.

Many post-80s generation may recite the five-stroke formula. What? "The king’s head is green and May Day, and the Tusi are dry for ten inches." . Skilled Wubi users don’t even need these, they can input by muscle memory.

Secondly, Wubi is perfectly compatible with QWERTY keyboard, so it is not necessary to develop new hardware.

At the beginning of Wubi’s release, because it didn’t need a special keyboard, it was even considered as "worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things" by the academic circles, but the market and users voted with their feet.

In 1984, the State Science and Technology Commission and the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense successively issued "red-headed documents" to promote the five-stroke font to the whole army.

In 1986, Wubi entered the United Nations through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in the same year, it sold the right to use it to DEC Company of the United States for hundreds of thousands of dollars, becoming the first computer patented technology exported from China to the United States.

Since then, IBM, Microsoft and Apple have successively purchased patent rights.

Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Singapore are still widely using five strokes.

In China, Wubi has also become the earliest Chinese character input method that a generation of Chinese contacted and learned.

In the 1990s, when computers were not popular, using computers was regarded as a vocational skill. There were a large number of training courses in China, and Wubi was the most important teaching content in these training courses.

At that time, many domestic computers not only had English letters on their keyboards, but also marked with five radicals, which was convenient for learning.

But it is such a "contemporary movable type printing", why has it become the loser of pinyin input method, synonymous with "minority" and the tears of the times?

02 Why Wubi lost to Pinyin

In 1995, the intelligent ABC input method was born.

This is a classic pinyin input method. Anyone who has used intelligent ABC should be an old netizen like me.

But the classics belong to the classics. To be honest, compared with the current pinyin input method, the smart ABC in those days had nothing to do with intelligence.

Its existence is to provide a huge thesaurus for users to find the words and expressions corresponding to Pinyin.

However, its thesaurus actually lacks practicality, because the thesaurus of that era was mainly obtained from the statistics of high-frequency words in the reports of official media and various newspapers and magazines, so such thesaurus actually did not meet the language needs of ordinary people, and there was no way to update the thesaurus online.

At present, the necessary functions of pinyin input method, such as associative input, fuzzy sound and common vocabulary memory, were even more impossible at that time.

As an intelligent ABC player, I have developed a memory in my long-term use: I will remember the words that are often used on which page.

And because the thesaurus is not updated, sometimes we have to find some stupid ways to improve typing efficiency. For example, when I want to type "like tea", the quickest way is to type "like" and "tea" respectively, and then delete the redundant words.

In a word, the efficiency of pinyin input method at that time was far from that of Wubi.

Why is pinyin input inefficient?

One point is that as we mentioned earlier, the duplication rate of pinyin is very high. There are only over 400 combinations regardless of tones, and these combinations correspond to thousands of Chinese characters.

This means that pinyin should not only type, but also choose words, which is often easier to enter than to find words.

In particular, some pronunciations correspond to a large number of polyphonic words, such as zhi, chi and shi.

If there is a yi word in your name, which happens to be an uncommon word, and you can only use pinyin input method, congratulations. In the GB18030 word set, there are 407 words that only pronounce the yi sound. Typing is cool for a while, looking for a word crematorium.

The first of the three principles of shape code design put forward by Wang Yongmin is the "compatibility principle". That is to say, the duplication rate should be low to ensure the uniqueness of coding. Preferably within 2%. There are a large number of homophones in Pinyin, and the efficiency is obviously failing.

In order to improve efficiency, there was a double spelling input later. However, as long as it is based on pinyin, duplicate codes can’t solve the problem.

In addition, the Wubi font is designed in the key arrangement.

As can be seen from the picture above, it is also based on QWERTY keyboard, and the five-stroke typing is basically balanced in the load rate of both hands.

But pinyin input means that the right hand is busy and the left hand is on holiday. And if you use standard typing, you will find that the strongest index finger of your left hand seems to have nothing to do, but the little finger with the least strength is heavily loaded.

Simply put, pinyin typing is not very scientific in human engineering.

Of course, this pot will still be thrown to the QWERTY keyboard. The key position design of this keyboard is unreasonable, and I will talk about this later.

Therefore, in terms of efficiency and scientificity, Wubi is far beyond the existence of pinyin input method.

What really changed the embarrassing situation of pinyin input method is that it depends on memory and the Internet.

As an input method that relies heavily on the word stock, Pinyin input method needs a lot of storage space to store the word stock. In the 1980s, when the computer memory was calculated by K and the storage space was calculated by MB, there was no enough font.

Until the 1990s, the hard disk capacity of mainstream computers has reached GB level, and the memory has reached the level of tens of MB, which led to an increasingly huge pinyin font.

The larger the word thesaurus, the more words that can be matched, and the efficiency is improved.

The Internet has brought about even greater changes.

In 2006, sogou input method was born. There is not much difference between it and intelligent ABC and Ziguang Pinyin in basic principle. The only difference is that it greatly expands the thesaurus through sogou’s search engine.

Pinyin input by users no longer corresponds to the local thesaurus, but matches the content of the whole Chinese Internet.

In addition, sogou also includes the functions of whole sentence input and associative input. You know, the efficiency of typing whole sentences is much higher than that of typing one word at a time. And many times you don’t have to type complete pinyin, and the system will help you complete it.

In addition, it will also record the high-frequency words you often use, and it will become more and more convenient as you use them.

The addition of these functions makes the efficiency of pinyin input method take off directly. Sogou Input Method grabbed 90% of the market share within one year. Even after Tencent, Baidu and Google joined the battle, sogou’s market share did not fall below 70%.

But objectively speaking, in essence, these input methods have not made Pinyin a more accurate input method with a lower duplication rate. It only uses big data, big thesaurus and networking functions to forcibly improve the matching efficiency.

It’s like a joke I heard about programmers:

What should I do if the product performance is not enough? A programmer will have two choices. One is to work hard for six months to write a very complicated program to improve the performance of the system. The other is to spend half a year on vacation and sleep at home. When you wake up, the price of NB hardware has been reduced, and the problem can be solved by directly changing the hardware.

The real advantage of Pinyin over Wubi is that it is a lower threshold input method.

Chinese characters are written in a trinity of shape, sound and meaning. Of these three, we often understand the sound and meaning first, that is, we learn to listen and speak first, and then learn to read and write.

Moreover, our thinking is often carried out in a phonetic way. When we think about things, there will be a voice in our head.

Compared with the shape code of Wubi, Pinyin, as a phonetic code, has a lower threshold and is more in line with our instinct.

What is even more frightening is that behind Pinyin is a whole nine-year compulsory education system.

Pinyin input method is not without learning threshold, but few people need to learn Pinyin specially.

We have been studying aoeiuü since the first Chinese class in the first grade of primary school. Until the college entrance examination, Pinyin has never left Chinese learning.

With the consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education of more than 90% in China, Pinyin is almost factory-set for this generation of young people in China.

Interestingly, among the users of Wubi, there are quite a few post-60 s who have not received a complete pinyin education, but they can read and write. These middle-aged and elderly people use five strokes more smoothly.

However, in the face of China’s increasingly complete education system and huge population of pinyin users, Wubi has no chance of winning.

Why Internet companies are willing to make great efforts to develop pinyin input methods is also because the user base is large and there is room for imagination in business, so giants are willing to invest manpower and material resources in marginal markets such as input methods.

In the era of mobile Internet, Pinyin has really settled down.

03 jiugongge vs full keyboard

I still remember that when I was at school, both boys and girls liked to buy a larger school uniform, and the sleeves should at least be able to hide their hands. Half of them are to hide headphones and listen to songs in class, and the other half are to put their mobile phones in their sleeves and send text messages to each other in class.

It’s just me, and no girls send me text messages. I play mobile phones in class to watch the live text broadcast of NBA.

Although there was no big-screen smart phone in that era, almost every student was proficient in blind typing skills because the mobile phone had nine-square physical buttons.

With the popularity of smart phones, we used to use the nine squares in those years and began to use the full keyboard again.

The history of mobile phone input method has to start from the 1990s.

In 1993, Nokia released the first GSM mobile phone supporting SMS sending function.

Since then, the mobile phone is no longer a pure mobile phone, it has entered the text age.

But the mobile phone has really become an efficient text communication tool, thanks to an input technology called T9.

In fact, in western countries, telephone numbers used to contain numbers and letters, so the number keys of fixed telephones were marked with letters. It is not only for typing, but also convenient for users to remember telephone numbers.

This set of keyboards is called E.161 keyboard, and interestingly, there are no Q and Z on this set of keyboards for a long time.

In 1995, an American family namedTejie communication(Tegic Communications) was founded, which is a company specialized in developing technology for small electronic devices, and was later acquired by AOL. It is this company that has developed the T9 input method.

T9 used predictive text technology earlier than sogou, which is the common word association input function we mentioned earlier, and it not only supports pinyin, but also supports stroke input.

This technology has made a qualitative leap in mobile phone typing.

In the late 1990s, T9 input method began to be widely used by Samsung, Nokia and other mobile phone manufacturers. That is what we commonly call "Jiugongge".

I remember when Jiugongge was the hottest, there were many related codes. For example, 962464 stands for "I love you" and 647449633 stands for "You are mine".

Maybe this is the earthy love story after 80/90.

The combination of full keyboard and mobile phone will be in 1996.

That year, Nokia released a mobile phone called 9000, which was also the first full keyboard mobile phone in the world.

It has a design similar to that of a notebook computer. From the outside, it looks like an ordinary mobile phone. When the top cover is opened, there is a big screen and a whole QWERTY keyboard.

As a PDA-level product for business people, Nokia 9000 not only supports sending and receiving emails, but also has browser function and supports surfing the Internet.

After 96 years, this is simply the existence of black technology.

The full keyboard, for a long time, is also considered as the standard of business mobile phones.

Later, BlackBerry, Palm and Nokia’s E-series focused on business attributes, and a large number of models were also equipped with full keyboards. In addition, the sliding keyboard has been popular for some time, such as Nokia’s N97.

It was not until 2007 that the release of iPhone changed this situation.

For a long time, Apple has been obsessed with the virtual full keyboard. It was not until iOS7 in 2013 that Apple began to support Jiugongge, and in iOS8 the following year, Apple opened the third-party input method.

However, for a long time, mainstream smartphone manufacturers set the full keyboard as the default input mode, which led to the full keyboard input finally becoming the mainstream in the era of mobile Internet.

This has also caused a long-lasting debate, which is the high efficiency of the nine-square grid or the full keyboard?

Next, it’s my personal bootleg, so you can listen.

I’ve read a lot of stories, and there are fans on both sides. People who use Jiugongge say that Jiugongge is more convenient to operate with one hand and has a lower false touch rate, so it is easier to hit blindly.

People who use the full keyboard will retort that now the screen of the mobile phone is big enough, so it is not so easy to touch it by mistake. It is obviously more accurate and more efficient to use the full keyboard for typing with both hands.

At this time, people who use double spelling will say that if you practice and get used to double spelling, double spelling is the fastest

The adherents of Wubi said that they are all dregs, and they are not as fast as Wubi.

But I found that most people are not fighting for efficiency at all.

I prefer to use Jiugongge, just because I am a post-90 s generation, and I have used Jiugongge on Nokia before the emergence of smart phones.

For people who are new to the mobile phone and have a full keyboard, this input method that is more consistent with the computer keyboard is obviously more natural. Why bother to learn Jiugongge?

Like my dad, in his time, there was not even nine-year compulsory education, and many people didn’t learn pinyin well. The first contact with typing was five strokes, so it was impossible for him to switch to pinyin typing.

In fact, the efficiency of input method is indeed high and low. However, this slight difference can be completely ignored in daily chat and writing.

What we are pursuing is not efficiency at all, we are just maintaining our habits and the times when we grow up.

Many times, when I want to argue with people about something, I suddenly find that it is not my obsession with correctness but my obsession with my position that supports my crazy search for arguments on the Internet.

输入法只不过是沟通与输出的工具，正如我们从不以说话的快慢来判断语言的价值，比起「写多快」，「写什么」才是更重要的事。

这种对「效率」虚无的追求，其实往往会变成一种低效。

这不禁让我想起有段时间我沉迷于对「效率」工具的使用，还经常在朋友圈推荐一些我觉得不错的软件。

我学习了卢曼的卡片笔记法，尝试过notion，用过flomo、obsidian、craft等等配合来做知识架构，付费过幕布也付费过xmind，光写作软件，我就换过ulysses、metion、bear、iawriter、typora等等等等，都只是为了提高一点点「效率」。

直到有天我看到一个帖子，作者作为资深效率软件使用者，详细对比了各软件之间的优缺点，并提供了自己的使用经验。

帖子结尾则说道：现在我开始用笔和纸了。

突然让我有种置身剑冢，看到独孤求败那句「四十岁后，不滞于物，草木竹石均可为剑。自此精修，渐进于无剑胜有剑之境。」的感觉。

这他妈才叫境界。

CCTV News:On January 11th, there were 166 new confirmed cases in China, including 118 in Henan, 33 in Tianjin, 8 in Shaanxi and 7 in Guangdong. By noon on the 12th, the epidemic in Tianjin had spilled over to Dalian, Liaoning and Anyang, Henan. On the 12th, in Ganjingzi District of Dalian, two people were found to be positive in the routine nucleic acid test of Tianjin’s returning control personnel. Earlier, on January 8th, Anyang, Henan Province, confirmed that the source of infection of two local Covid-19 nucleic acid positive cases was a person who returned to Anyang from Tianjin.

Fully block the spread of the epidemic and ensure the needs of the masses.

Facing the double challenges of Delta and Omicron strains, many places in China strictly implement prevention and control measures, and at the same time, take many measures to ensure the living needs of residents.

The epidemic in Henan has affected seven cities, with the focus on Zhengzhou, Yuzhou and Anyang. As of 8: 00 on the 12th, 123 confirmed cases have been reported in this round of epidemic in Anyang. At present, the source of the epidemic is basically locked. It is a college student who returned to tangyin county, Anyang City from Jinnan District, Tianjin on December 28th last year, belonging to the Omicron mutant. At present, Anyang city requires personnel to suspend the flow and continue to implement full-time nucleic acid testing.

Wang Xia, a four-level researcher of Anyang Health and Health Commission, Henan Province:Critical patients and pregnant women who need obstetric treatment in emergency situations in closed control areas, control areas and isolated resettlement sites shall be transferred to the corresponding medical institutions by the 120 Emergency Center according to the principle of being near and urgent, and patients shall not be shirked or rejected; For critically ill patients who can’t provide nucleic acid test in time to prove that they are in critical condition, the transition ward should be opened in time to standardize the isolation and treatment work.

Different from Anyang, the epidemic situation in Yuzhou City, Xuchang City, Henan Province is the same as that in Zhengzhou City. The virus gene was sequenced as Delta strain, but the source of the virus is still unclear. Yuzhou started the eighth round of nucleic acid testing yesterday, but there are still cases detected. Chen Tao, Mayor of Yuzhou City, said that the biggest concern at present is the loopholes in community prevention and control, and appealed to people from other places in Yuzhou to celebrate the New Year on the spot.

Henan: issuing emergency transport passes to ensure the supply of key materials

In order to ensure the transportation of key materials, Henan began to use emergency transportation passes throughout the province on the 10th. At present, Zhengzhou, Anyang and other places have issued 15,000 emergency transport passes. Transport vehicles and drivers who are certified and whose nucleic acid test is negative within 48 hours, and whose health code and travel code are green, will be released free of charge and quickly.

Tianjin: Blocking the spread of the epidemic and strictly controlling Jinnan District.

Up to 14: 00 on the 12th, Tianjin reported 137 cases of COVID-19 virus positive infection. Epidemiological investigation shows that this epidemic has already existed in the community during the New Year’s Day holiday. Tianjin’s organs, enterprises and institutions had a half-day holiday on the afternoon of the 12th. Starting from the 12th, universities, primary and secondary schools will enter the winter vacation, and all schools will be closed, involving more than 56,000 students from 22 colleges and universities to stay on campus. Tianjin requires strengthening the work of ensuring the supply and price of canteens and creating a convenient campus living environment.

In order to block the spread, Tianjin strictly controls Jinnan District, Hexi District and Xiqing District. All non-epidemic prevention and control personnel within the jurisdiction should reduce the flow during the period when the epidemic risk is not lifted; Chess rooms, game halls, gyms and other cultural and sports entertainment venues, as well as offline education and training institutions and other public places, will be shut down. On the epidemic prevention and control must run the farmers (bazaars) market, supermarkets, pharmacies and other basic living materials supply places, according to the maximum reception capacity of 50% of the implementation of current restrictions.

Tianjin: Quickly inform the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei joint prevention and control circle to carry out the flow adjustment work.

In order to stop the spread of the epidemic, Tianjin strictly controlled the access to Beijing, and set up 279 inspection points on highways, strictly checked the negative certificates of 48-hour nucleic acid test of people leaving Tianjin, the certificates of leaving Tianjin issued by units or towns and the green codes of health codes, and also relied on public security checkpoints to do a good job in epidemic prevention and control and closed-loop disposal of six ordinary roads entering Beijing. Tianjin’s inter-provincial class lines and inter-provincial chartered cars have all been suspended.

Zhang Ying, Deputy Director of Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention:We connected Beijing and Hebei Province at the first time, that is, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei joint defense and control circle, and gave them a notice first, asking them to pay attention to these individuals who returned from various universities in Tianjin Jinnan District on holiday, collect nucleic acids for them at the first time, conduct a test, find this risk early, and conduct a prevention and control as early as possible. Don’t have this kind of spillover infection in Hebei province, let alone in Beijing, or the risk of spillover infection is not controlled.

　　CCTV News:According to the Chinese government website, the State Council recently issued a notice on printing and distributing the Action Plan for Continuous Improvement of Air Quality.

　　Action plan for continuous improvement of air quality

　　This action plan is formulated in order to continue to fight the blue sky defense war, effectively protect people’s health, and promote high-quality economic development with continuous improvement of air quality.

　　I. General requirements

　　(1) Guiding ideology. Guided by Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, we will fully implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, thoroughly implement the thought of ecological civilization of the Supreme Leader, implement the deployment of the National Conference on Ecological Environmental Protection, adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability, and jointly promote carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening and growth, with improving air quality as the core, reducing heavily polluted weather and solving outstanding atmospheric environmental problems around the people as the main line, and vigorously promote nitrogen. Carry out regional collaborative governance, highlight accurate, scientific and legal pollution control, improve the atmospheric environment management system, and enhance pollution prevention and control capabilities; Combine the research and planning of air pollution prevention and control path, solidly promote the green and low-carbon transformation of industry, energy and transportation, strengthen non-point source pollution control, strengthen source prevention and control, accelerate the formation of green and low-carbon production and lifestyle, and achieve win-win environmental, economic and social benefits.

　　(2) Key areas

　　Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas. Including Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Handan, Xingtai, Baoding, Cangzhou, Langfang, Hengshui, xiong’an new area, Xinji and Dingzhou, Jinan, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Dongying, Weifang, Jining, Taian, Rizhao, Linyi, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Heze in Shandong Province, and Zhengzhou, Kaifeng and Heze in Henan Province.

　　Yangtze River Delta region. Including Shanghai, Jiangsu Province, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing and Zhoushan in Zhejiang Province, Hefei, Wuhu, Bengbu, Huainan, Maanshan, Huaibei, Chuzhou, Fuyang, Suzhou, Lu ‘an and Bozhou in Anhui Province.

　　Fenwei Plain. It includes Taiyuan, Yangquan, Changzhi, Jincheng, Jinzhong, Yuncheng, Linfen and Lvliang in Shanxi Province, Xi ‘an, Tongchuan, Baoji, Xianyang and Weinan in Shaanxi Province, and yangling district and hancheng city.

　　(3) Target indicators. By 2025, the concentration of PM2.5 in prefecture-level and above cities nationwide will be reduced by 10% compared with that in 2020, and the ratio of days of severe and above pollution will be controlled within 1%; The total emission of nitrogen oxides and VOCs decreased by more than 10% respectively compared with 2020. The concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas and Fenwei Plain decreased by 20% and 15% respectively. The concentration of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta reached the standard in general, and it was controlled within 32 μ g/m3 in Beijing.

　　Second, optimize the industrial structure and promote the green upgrading of industrial products

　　(four) resolutely curb high energy consumption, high emissions, low-level projects blindly launched. The new reconstruction and expansion project strictly implements the national industrial planning, industrial policy, ecological environment zoning control scheme, planning EIA, project EIA, energy saving review, capacity replacement, total amount control of key pollutants, regional reduction of pollutant discharge, carbon emission peak target and other related requirements, and adopts clean transportation in principle. Projects involving capacity replacement can only be put into production after the replaced capacity and its supporting facilities are shut down.

　　It is strictly forbidden to increase steel production capacity. Promote the integrated layout of steel, coking and sintering, greatly reduce independent coking, sintering, pelletizing and hot rolling enterprises and processes, and eliminate backward coal washing capacity; Orderly guiding blast furnace — Converter long-flow steelmaking is transformed into electric furnace short-flow steelmaking. By 2025, the output of short-process steelmaking will account for 15%. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas continue to implement "coke determination with steel", and the ratio of coking capacity to long-process steelmaking capacity is controlled at around 0.4.

　　(5) Accelerate the withdrawal of backward production capacity in key industries. Revise the Guiding Catalogue of Industrial Structure Adjustment, and study the inclusion of technologies and equipment with pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions significantly higher than the industry average and low energy efficiency and cleaner production level in the list of elimination and restriction. Key areas will further improve the requirements of backward production capacity, energy consumption, environmental protection, quality, safety and technology, and gradually withdraw from restricted gas-related industries; Step-by-step sintering machines and pellet shaft furnaces as well as semi-closed silicon-manganese alloy, ferronickel, high-carbon ferrochrome and high-carbon ferromanganese electric furnaces will be phased out. Guide the orderly adjustment and optimization of industries such as steel, coking and electrolytic aluminum in key areas.

　　(6) Comprehensively upgrade and transform traditional industrial clusters. Cities where small and medium-sized traditional manufacturing enterprises are concentrated should formulate development plans for gas-related industrial clusters, strictly examine and approve projects, and prevent pollution from going to the countryside. Formulate special rectification plans for existing industrial clusters, eliminate and shut down a batch according to law, move a batch into the park, transform a batch on the spot, and make a batch better and stronger. All localities should combine the characteristics of industrial clusters and build centralized heating centers, centralized spraying centers, centralized recovery and disposal centers of organic solvents and centralized regeneration centers of activated carbon according to local conditions.

　　(7) Optimize the raw and auxiliary materials and product structure containing VOCs. Strictly control the production and use of high VOCs content coatings, inks, adhesives, cleaning agents and other construction projects, and increase the proportion of low (no) VOCs content products. Implement the source substitution project and increase the substitution of raw and auxiliary materials with low (no) VOCs content in industrial painting, packaging and printing and electronics industries. Outdoor structure protection and urban road traffic signs promote the use of low (no) VOCs content coatings. Strictly implement VOCs content limit standards in production, sales, import and use.

　　(eight) to promote the healthy development of green environmental protection industry. Increase policy support and support the cultivation of a number of leading enterprises in the fields of production and use of raw and auxiliary materials with low (no) VOCs content, VOCs pollution control, ultra-low emission, environmental and atmospheric composition monitoring. Take multiple measures to control the chaotic phenomenon of low-cost and low-quality bidding in the field of environmental protection, create a level playing field, and promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry.

　　Third, optimize the energy structure and accelerate the clean, low-carbon and efficient development of energy.

　　(9) Vigorously develop new energy and clean energy. By 2025, non-fossil energy consumption will account for about 20%, and electric energy will account for about 30% of terminal energy consumption. Continue to increase the production and supply of natural gas, and add natural gas to give priority to ensuring residents’ living and clean heating needs.

　　(10) Strictly and reasonably control the total coal consumption. On the premise of ensuring the safe supply of energy, we will continue to control the total coal consumption in key areas. By 2025, the coal consumption of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, its surrounding areas and the Yangtze River Delta will decrease by about 10% and 5% respectively compared with 2020, and the coal consumption in Fenwei Plain will achieve negative growth, with emphasis on reducing non-electric coal. Newly renovated and expanded coal projects in key areas will be replaced by equal or reduced coal according to law, and those with imperfect alternatives will not be approved; The use of highly polluting fuels such as petroleum coke, coke and charcoal shall not be used as alternative measures for coal reduction. We will improve the alternative management measures for coal consumption reduction in key areas, and coal gangue and raw material coal will not be included in the assessment of total coal consumption. In principle, no new self-owned coal-fired units will be added, and self-owned coal-fired units will be supported to implement clean energy substitution. Coal-fired power projects and their coal consumption that support stable power supply, safe operation of power grid and large-scale consumption of clean energy should be reasonably guaranteed.

　　(eleven) actively carry out the integration of coal-fired boilers. All localities should incorporate coal-fired heating boiler replacement projects into urban heating planning. In principle, no new coal-fired boilers with a capacity of 35 tons/hour or less will be built in urban built-up areas at or above the county level, and no new coal-fired boilers except central heating will be built in key areas. Accelerate the construction of heating pipe network, rely on power plants and large industrial enterprises to carry out long-distance heating demonstration, and eliminate coal-fired boilers and loose coal within the coverage of pipe network. By 2025, coal-fired boilers of 10 tons/hour and below will be basically eliminated in cities where PM2.5 is not up to standard; In key areas, coal-fired boilers of 35 tons/hour or less and coal-fired facilities such as tea stoves, operating stoves, grain storage drying equipment and agricultural products processing will be basically eliminated, and the heating capacity of cogeneration power plants of 300,000 kilowatts or more will be fully exerted, and coal-fired boilers and backward coal-fired small thermal power units (including self-provided power plants) within a heating radius of 30 kilometers will be shut down or integrated.

　　(twelve) the implementation of industrial furnaces clean energy substitution. We will promote electricity instead of coal in an orderly manner, and actively and steadily promote gas instead of coal. No more fuel gas generators will be added in key areas, and clean and low-carbon energy will be used in the newly renovated and expanded heating furnaces, heat treatment furnaces, drying furnaces and melting furnaces in principle; Safe and steady promotion of industrial furnaces and kilns using highly polluting fuels to industrial waste heat, electric energy, natural gas, etc.; Fuel-type gas generators should be replaced by clean energy, or adopt centralized gas supply and decentralized use in parks (clusters) according to local conditions; Phasing out the fixed bed intermittent gas producer.

　　(thirteen) continue to promote clean heating in the northern region. Promote clean heating in the northern region according to local conditions and ensure that the people are warm for the winter. We will increase the substitution of loose coal for civil and agricultural purposes, basically clear loose coal in key areas and plains, and gradually promote the substitution of clean energy for loose coal in mountainous areas. Cities that are included in the scope of clean heating supported by the central government in the northern region should complete the transformation task with good quality and quantity, in which "coal to gas" should implement gas sources for fixed reform. Improve the energy efficiency of buildings in an all-round way and speed up the energy-saving transformation of existing rural houses. According to the law, all localities have designated the areas that have completed the overall clean heating transformation as high-pollution fuel no-burn areas to prevent the re-burning of loose coal. Strengthen the quality supervision of commercial coal in areas where clean heating has not been implemented yet.

　　Fourth, optimize the traffic structure and vigorously develop the green transportation system.

　　(fourteen) continue to optimize and adjust the cargo transportation structure. In the long-distance transportation of bulk goods, railways and waterways are preferred, and in the short-distance transportation, closed belt corridors or new energy vehicles and boats are preferred. Explore clean transportation as the focus of audit and supervision of new reconstruction and expansion projects in coal mines, steel, thermal power, nonferrous metals, coking, coal chemical industry and other industries. Municipalities directly under the central government and provincial capital cities in key areas adopt the logistics mode of "external collection and internal distribution" such as public rail combined transport. By 2025, the freight volume of railways and waterways will increase by about 10% and 12% respectively compared with 2020; Among the coal and coke transported in the middle and long distance (more than 500 kilometers) in the main coal producing areas of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Mongolia, the proportion of railway transportation will strive to reach 90%; The proportion of clean transportation (including new energy vehicles) such as iron ore and coke in key areas and major coastal ports in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area will strive to reach 80%.

　　Strengthen the construction of special railway lines and connecting facilities for combined transport and transshipment, give full play to the efficiency of existing lines, and in principle, plan and construct inbound railways simultaneously in important port areas when new containers and bulk dry bulk cargo are built; Expand the railway transportation capacity of the existing working area. Carry out the transformation of urban railway stations in key areas. Newly built and relocated logistics parks, industrial and mining enterprises and coal storage bases with an annual volume of bulk goods of more than 1.5 million tons shall, in principle, be connected to special railway lines or pipelines. Strengthen measures such as land and sea use, acceptance and operation, capacity allocation and railway freight rate.

　　(fifteen) to speed up the improvement of motor vehicle cleaning level. The proportion of new energy vehicles is not less than 80% among new or updated buses, taxis, urban logistics and light sanitation vehicles in public areas in key areas; Accelerate the elimination of gas trucks using lean combustion technology. Promote Shanxi Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province to build leading areas for clean transportation and cultivate a number of clean transportation enterprises. Promote new energy medium and heavy trucks in thermal power, steel, coal, coking, nonferrous metals, cement and other industries and logistics parks, and develop zero-emission freight fleets. Strive to achieve a coverage rate of no less than 80% in high-speed service areas in key areas and no less than 60% in other areas by 2025.

　　Strengthen the supervision and spot check of new production trucks to achieve full coverage of the family. Strengthen road inspection and household inspection of heavy trucks. We will fully implement the vehicle emission inspection and maintenance system and the vehicle emission recall system, and strengthen the supervision and enforcement of the annual inspection agencies. Encourage key regional cities to carry out fuel evaporative emission control testing.

　　(sixteen) to strengthen the comprehensive management of non-road mobile sources. Accelerate the renovation of new energy sources for working vehicles and machinery in railway freight yards, logistics parks, ports, airports and industrial and mining enterprises. Promote the development of new energy and clean energy ships and improve the utilization rate of shore power. Vigorously promote the elimination of old railway locomotives, and encourage railway stations and yards in central cities and industries such as coal, steel and metallurgy to promote new energy railway equipment. By 2025, the "black smoke" phenomenon of non-road mobile machinery, ships and railway locomotives in key areas will be basically eliminated, and non-road mobile machinery with emission standards of the first stage and below will be basically eliminated; At airports with an annual passenger throughput of more than 5 million passengers, the utilization rate of bridge electricity reaches more than 95%.

　　(seventeen) to fully guarantee the quality of refined oil. Strengthen the supervision of the whole process of oil import, production, storage, sales, transportation and use, comprehensively clean up and rectify self-built oil tanks, mobile refueling trucks (ships) and black gas stations, and resolutely crack down on the sale of non-standard oil products as engine fuel. Improve the sampling frequency of diesel oil in trucks, off-road mobile machinery and ship fuel tanks, trace the clues found, and strictly investigate the main responsibilities of relevant producers, sellers and transporters.

　　Five, strengthen non-point source pollution control, improve the level of refined management.

　　(eighteen) to deepen the comprehensive management of dust pollution. Encourage the construction sites of 5000 square meters and above in economically developed areas to install video surveillance and access local supervision platforms; Long-distance linear projects such as roads and water affairs in key areas shall be constructed in sections. Incorporate the cost of dust pollution prevention into the project cost. By 2025, prefabricated buildings will account for 30% of the new construction area; The mechanized sweeping rate of roads in built-up areas of cities at prefecture level and above is about 80%, and that in county towns is about 70%. Investigate and file urban public bare land and take dust-proof measures. The construction of dust suppression facilities and the closed transformation of the material conveying system have been basically completed in the material storage yard of large-scale dry bulk cargo terminals such as coal and ore in the city.

　　(nineteen) to promote the comprehensive improvement of mine ecological environment. In principle, new mines should simultaneously build special railway lines or adopt other clean transportation modes. By 2025, in principle, no new open-pit mines will be built in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and surrounding areas (except for key mining areas determined by provincial mineral resources planning or underground mining methods that are not suitable for safety demonstration). Mines that are still not up to standard after rectification within a time limit shall be closed according to the requirements of safe production, soil and water conservation and ecological environment.

　　(twenty) to strengthen the comprehensive utilization of straw and ban burning. Improve the standardization and standardization level of straw returning to field. Improve the service system of straw collection, storage and transportation, improve the industrialization ability and improve the efficiency of leaving the field. The comprehensive utilization rate of straw in China is stable at over 86%. All localities should make specific provisions on the scope of straw burning in light of the actual situation and make accurate division. Open burning of straw is prohibited in key areas. Comprehensive use of satellite remote sensing, high-definition video surveillance, drones and other means to improve the monitoring accuracy of straw burning fire point. Improve the grid supervision system, give full play to the role of grassroots organizations, and carry out special inspections during key periods of straw burning.

　　Six, strengthen the emission reduction of multiple pollutants, and effectively reduce the emission intensity.

　　(twenty-one) to strengthen the comprehensive management of VOCs in the whole process and all links. Encourage the use of low-leakage breathing valves and emergency pressure relief valves for storage tanks, and regularly carry out sealing tests. Popularizing the use of sealed quick joints in tank cars. High-concentration organic waste gas in sewage treatment sites should be collected and treated separately; Organic waste gas from VOCs-containing organic waste water storage tanks and water collecting wells (pools) in the device area shall be collected and treated in a sealed manner. Cities and key industrial parks with concentrated petrochemical and chemical industries in key areas will establish a unified information management platform for ldar before the end of 2024. During the start-up, shutdown, inspection and maintenance of the enterprise, collect and treat VOCs waste gas generated by operations such as returning materials, cleaning and purging in time. Enterprises shall not use the torch burning device as a daily air pollution treatment facility.

　　(twenty-two) to promote the in-depth treatment of pollution in key industries. High-quality promotion of ultra-low emission transformation of key industries such as steel, cement and coking and coal-fired boilers. By 2025, more than 80% of the country’s steel production capacity will complete the ultra-low emission transformation task; All key areas have achieved ultra-low emissions in the steel industry, and the transformation of coal-fired boilers has basically been completed.

　　Ensure that industrial enterprises fully and stably meet the discharge standards. Promote the in-depth treatment of glass, lime, mineral wool, nonferrous metals and other industries. We will comprehensively carry out the investigation of simple and inefficient pollution control facilities for boilers and industrial furnaces, and implement classified disposal through clean energy substitution, upgrading and integration. Promote the transformation of low nitrogen combustion in gas-fired boilers. Biomass boiler adopts special boiler, supporting bag and other efficient dust removal facilities, and it is forbidden to mix coal, domestic garbage and other materials. Promote the integration of small biomass boilers and actively guide the ultra-low emission transformation of endogenous biomass boilers (including electricity) in urban built-up areas. Strengthen the operation and maintenance of pollution control facilities and reduce emissions under abnormal working conditions. Key gas-related enterprises will gradually cancel the bypass of flue gas and VOCs-containing waste gas. If it cannot be cancelled due to the need of safe production, online monitoring system and standby disposal facilities will be installed.

　　(twenty-three) to carry out special treatment of cooking fume and odor. Strictly manage the layout of catering service units near residential buildings. The building that plans to set up catering service units should design and construct special flue. Promote the implementation of third-party operation and maintenance management and online monitoring of governance facilities in qualified areas. Strengthen the investigation and rectification of the odor and odor disturbing the people, and install and operate online monitoring systems in industrial parks and key enterprises where complaints are concentrated. All localities should strengthen departmental linkage and solve the problem of people’s concentrated fumes and malodorous odors disturbing the people according to local conditions.

　　(twenty-four) steadily promote the prevention and control of atmospheric ammonia pollution. Piloting the control of atmospheric ammonia emission in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and surrounding areas. Popularize the technology of deep mechanical application of nitrogen fertilizer and low protein diet. Study the measures to control odor such as ammonia gas in livestock and poultry farms, encourage the closed management of pens such as pigs and chickens, support the closed transportation, storage and treatment facilities of manure, and strengthen the collection and treatment of waste gas. By 2025, the total amount of atmospheric ammonia emissions from large-scale livestock and poultry farms in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and surrounding areas will decrease by 5% compared with 2020. Strengthen the treatment of atmospheric ammonia emission in nitrogen fertilizer, soda ash and other industries; Strengthen the prevention and control of ammonia escape from flue gas desulfurization and denitrification of industrial sources.

　　Seven, strengthen the mechanism construction, improve the atmospheric environment management system.

　　(twenty-five) the implementation of urban air quality standards management. Municipalities directly under the central government and cities divided into districts that fail to meet the air quality standards shall formulate and implement plans for meeting the air quality standards within a time limit, define the road map and key tasks for meeting the standards, and make them public. Promote the coordinated control of PM2.5 and ozone. In 2020, the substandard cities with PM2.5 concentration below 40 μ g/m 3 will reach the standard during the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period; Other cities that fail to meet the standards have clearly defined the objectives of the air quality improvement stage in the 14 th Five-Year Plan. Cities that have reached the standard have consolidated and improved air quality.

　　(twenty-six) improve the regional air pollution prevention and control cooperation mechanism. The state promotes the joint prevention and control of air pollution in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and its surrounding areas as a whole, and continues to play the role of the cooperation mechanism in the Yangtze River Delta region and the Fenwei Plain. The state has strengthened guidance on cooperation in air pollution prevention and control in Chengdu-Chongqing area, urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, northeast area and urban agglomerations on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain, and has made Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area a leading demonstration area for air quality improvement. Provincial governments strengthen joint prevention and control within their respective administrative areas. Encourage cities and counties in inter-provincial border areas to actively carry out joint prevention and control, and promote joint cross-enforcement. For new projects in key gas-related industries within 20 kilometers on both sides of the provincial boundary, as well as new elevated source projects that have a great impact on downwind air quality, the relevant provinces should carry out EIA consistency consultation.

　　(twenty-seven) to improve the response mechanism of heavy pollution weather. Establish and improve the emergency plan system for heavy polluted weather at three levels in provinces, cities and counties, clarify the division of responsibilities of local government departments at all levels, and standardize the workflow of starting, responding and lifting the early warning of heavy polluted weather. Optimize the start-up standard of early warning of heavy pollution weather. Improve the index system of enterprise performance grading in key industries, standardize the management process of enterprise performance grading, and encourage the promotion of performance grade. Combined with the pollutant discharge permit system, ensure that the emergency emission reduction list covers all gas-related enterprises. Cities located in the same area should take emergency response measures simultaneously according to the regional early warning information and regulations.

　　Eight, strengthen capacity building, strict law enforcement supervision.

　　(twenty-eight) to improve the ability of atmospheric environmental monitoring. Improve the urban air quality monitoring network, basically achieve full coverage of county towns, and strengthen data networking and sharing. Improve the dust investigation and monitoring system, and strengthen the construction of meteorological and air quality monitoring networks in the sand source area and dust path area. Cities in key regions should strengthen the monitoring of atmospheric environment such as airports, ports, railway freight yards, logistics parks, industrial parks, industrial clusters and highways. Non-methane total hydrocarbon monitoring is carried out in cities at prefecture level and above, and photochemical monitoring is carried out in key areas, Chengdu-Chongqing areas, urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and other cities with high VOCs emissions. Monitoring of particulate matter components will continue in key areas and other cities where PM2.5 is not up to standard. Strengthen the remote sensing capacity building of atmospheric environmental monitoring series satellites, aviation and ground. Improve the air quality grading forecasting system and strengthen the construction of regional forecasting centers. Carry out sandstorm monitoring, forecasting and early warning services and technology research and development in Asia. Monitor and analyze the dust source spectrum in the dust path area, focus on Beijing to analyze the dust source, and evaluate the amount of dust and the effect of sand fixation and detention.

　　The ecological and environmental departments of cities at prefecture level and above regularly update the list of key pollutant discharge units of atmospheric environment to ensure the full coverage of qualified enterprises. Promote enterprise installation monitoring, electricity (energy) monitoring, video monitoring, etc. Strengthen the construction of environmental supervision capacity of mobile sources, and build remote online monitoring platforms for heavy-duty diesel vehicles and off-road mobile machinery in countries and key regional provinces.

　　(twenty-nine) to strengthen the supervision and law enforcement of atmospheric environment. Expand the application of off-site supervision means. Strengthen the operation supervision of automatic monitoring equipment for pollution sources to ensure the quality and stable transmission of monitoring data. Improve the ability of law enforcement and monitoring of ecological and environmental departments at all levels, and speed up the installation of infrared thermal imager, portable hydrogen flame ion detector and hand-held photoionization detector in key areas and counties. Strengthen supervision and law enforcement in key areas, investigate the responsibility of sewage units and third-party institutions and personnel involved in fraud according to law, and transfer suspected crimes to judicial organs according to law.

　　(30) Strengthen scientific and technological support for decision-making. Study the pollution control technology of low concentration, large air volume, small and medium-sized VOCs emission, and improve the effect and stability of VOCs key functional adsorption catalytic materials. Study the clean energy substitution and terminal treatment path of classified industrial furnaces, and develop technologies and equipment such as multi-pollutant system treatment, low-temperature denitrification, and accurate regulation of ammonia escape. Promote the research on odor identification, odor pollution assessment and traceability technology. Carry out research on the occurrence and development mechanism of sandstorm weather process. By 2025, cities at prefecture level and above will complete the compilation of emission inventories, and cities in key regions will be updated year by year.

　　Nine, improve the system of laws, regulations and standards, and improve environmental and economic policies.

　　(31) Promote the revision of laws and regulations. Study and initiate the revision of the air pollution prevention and control law. Study and revise the Cleaner Production Promotion Law, and clarify the legal responsibility of enterprises to use raw and auxiliary materials with low (no) VOCs content. To study and formulate measures for the prevention and control of pollution from mobile sources.

　　(thirty-two) improve the system of environmental standards and technical specifications. Initiate the revision research of ambient air quality standards and related technical specifications. Study and formulate mandatory national standards for VOCs content limits such as coating agents, polyurethane resins, household detergents and insecticidal aerosols, and establish a labeling system for products with low (no) VOCs content; Formulate technical requirements for activated carbon for organic waste gas treatment; Accelerate the improvement of air pollutant emission standards and energy consumption standards in key industries and fields. Study and formulate the emission standards of motor vehicles in the next stage, and carry out research on the quality standards of oil products in the new stage. Study and formulate mandatory national standards such as the quality of biomass briquette products and the emission of pollutants from railway diesel locomotives. Encourage all localities to formulate stricter environmental standards.

　　(thirty-three) improve the price tax incentive and restraint mechanism. Implement the time-of-use electricity price policy of peak and valley, and promote the reform of sales electricity price. Strengthen the coordination between price policy and industrial and environmental protection policies, comprehensively consider energy consumption and environmental protection performance level, and improve the ladder electricity price system for high energy-consuming industries. Implement a supportive electricity price policy for port shore-based power supply, and promote the reduction of shore power use service fees. Encourage all localities to give active support to the charging of public buses and trams in new energy cities. Study and improve the "coal to electricity" for clean heating and the peak-valley electricity price system for heating electricity sales; Reduce the level of urban gas transmission and distribution, rationally formulate and strictly supervise the price of gas transmission and distribution, establish and improve the linkage mechanism between terminal sales price and purchase price, and implement the clean heating gas price policy. Improve the flexible adjustment mechanism of railway freight rate, standardize railway freight miscellaneous fees, study and implement the "one-price" charging policy, and widely adopt the "quantity and price mutual insurance" agreement transportation mode. Improve the environmental protection tax collection system and accelerate the inclusion of VOCs in the collection scope.

　　(thirty-four) actively play the guiding role of finance. We will expand the scope of the central government’s support for clean heating in the northern region in an orderly manner, and tilt the collaborative projects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction. In accordance with the market-oriented way, we will increase credit financing support in the fields of upgrading traditional industries and clusters, industrial pollution control, construction of special railway lines, and promotion of new energy railway equipment, and guide social capital investment. Carry out green financial evaluation on banking financial institutions as required to attract long-term institutional investors to invest in green financial products. Actively support qualified enterprises and financial institutions to issue green bonds, carry out credit rating of green bonds, and improve the information disclosure level of green bonds.

　　Ten, the implementation of the responsibilities of all parties, to carry out national action.

　　(thirty-five) to strengthen organizational leadership. Adhere to and strengthen the party’s overall leadership over the prevention and control of air pollution. Local governments at all levels shall take overall responsibility for the air quality within their respective administrative areas and organize the formulation of local implementation plans. The Ministry of Ecology and Environment should strengthen overall coordination and do a good job in dispatching evaluation. All relevant departments in the State Council should cooperate with each other to implement the division of tasks, and make overall consideration of the demand for continuous improvement of air quality when introducing policies.

　　(thirty-six) strict supervision and assessment. Take the completion of air quality improvement targets as an important content of in-depth assessment of the effectiveness of pollution prevention and control. Give incentives to areas that have exceeded their targets; For areas that have not completed their goals, they will be punished from the aspects of fund allocation, project approval, honor recognition and accountability; For areas with outstanding problems, organize special inspectors as appropriate. Organize supervision and assistance to key areas.

　　(thirty-seven) to promote information disclosure. Strengthen the disclosure of environmental air quality information. The fraud of sewage units and third-party governance, operation and maintenance, testing institutions will be included in the credit records, and will be announced to the public regularly according to law. Key pollutant discharge units timely publish information such as self-monitoring and pollution discharge data, pollution control measures, environmental protection illegal punishment and rectification. Production and import enterprises of motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery shall disclose environmental protection information such as emission inspection and pollution control technology according to law.

　　(38) Strengthen publicity and guidance and international cooperation. Widely publicize and interpret relevant policies and measures, vigorously popularize the basic concepts and knowledge of atmospheric environment and health, and enhance citizens’ awareness of atmospheric environmental protection and health literacy. Strengthen international cooperation in atmospheric environmental management and sand prevention and control. Popularize China’s air pollution control technology and experience, practical technology and model of sand prevention and control, and tell a good story about China’s ecological environment protection.

　　(thirty-nine) the implementation of national action. Mobilize all sectors of society to participate extensively in atmospheric environmental protection. The government takes the lead in green procurement and comprehensively uses products with low (no) VOCs content. Improve the reward mechanism for reporting and encourage the public to actively provide clues about environmental violations. Central enterprises take the lead in guiding green production and promoting pollution control and emission reduction. Strengthen citizens’ environmental awareness, promote the formation of a simple and moderate, green, low-carbon, civilized and healthy lifestyle, and jointly improve air quality.

Happy times are always short, and the first explosion of the beginning of the year isThis week will be over..

At the same time, it makes people even crazier: how will the last two episodes of "The Beginning" end? At present, there are still many doubts in the play that have not been explained, especially last Thursday’s episode, which has pushed all suspense to a small climax.

For example, what’s the secret of Wang Mengmeng’s death? What did she look back before getting off the bus? Is the similarity between her and Li’s poetry a coincidence or another meaning?

For another example, after the 24th cycle, Xiao Heyun, who was already weak enough to have a nosebleed, what was the ending?

Of course, the most curious thing isHow did the "cycle" come from and how to break it?

Before the closing ceremony, the speculation about the ending has occupied several hot searches, and the audience’s brains are wide open and their magical powers are displayed. Ifeng movies sort out some wonderful ending guesses for your reference.

Welcome to the "Phoenix Entertainment Index-Movie Drama Comprehensive List" applet, search for "Start" and express your opinion.

Original ending

The original has aA simple but happy ending.

Li Shiqing and Xiao Heyun finally joined forces with other passengers on the bus, controlled "Duan Yi" Tao Yinghong, and then called Wang Xingde.

After the car reached the bridge, the police quickly took over the pressure cooker and made it explode at a safe distance, saving the lives of the whole car.

Novel screenshot

When the case ends, the cycle ends. Every passenger has a happy ending for the rest of his life.

Li Shiqing’s parents were worried about her daughter’s physical condition and took her abroad for half a month. Xiao Heyun, who has become the focus, is chased and interviewed by reporters every day.

Uncle Jiao, who was courageous, got olive branches from many companies, and finally chose a take-away company, where he got a five-figure bonus and a new electric car.

After that, Uncle Jiao rented a slightly larger house near the company, and then he waited for his daughter to enter the university in this city and live together.

Lu Di’s kitten becomes online celebrity. Netizens crouch under his Weibo account every day in order to suck cats. Officer Zhang was injured by a bomb, temporarily deaf for one month, and then awarded a prize for his merits.

But in the cycle, Li Shiqing and Xiao HeyunDidn’t find out the truth about Wang Mengmeng getting off..

Later, Li Shiqing combined the whole story with the police report and edited a long microblog, which received a strong response on the Internet. Through the messages of some passengers, we learned that there was a pervert on the No.45 bus at that time, and speculated that Wang Mengmeng.May be one of the victims of the sex maniac incident..

Novel screenshot

However, according to the current plot, it is completely taken according to the original.A high probability is impossible.. However, the bridge where Uncle Jiao won the bonus for his bravery should be displayed.

Survivor syndrome outcome

In the brain hole of this Douban netizen AaronGao, the truth of "Beginning" is that,Survivors of bus bombings were hypnotized.Then recall the details of the case and cooperate with the police to solve the case.

Uncle Kai and Aunt Duan really blew up the car, and almost all the passengers and drivers were killed. Li Shiqing, as the only survivor, got "survivor syndrome", always fantasizing about whether she could change everything if she started over.

Xiao Heyun’s health gradually deteriorated in the circulation, because he was seriously injured and unconscious in reality.

This guess is supported to some extent.

First of all, it is mentioned in the play"survivor syndrome", a high probability is an ambush pen.

Then, the music of Cannon appeared in the bombing, and at the same time,It’s also the bell of the policewoman.. Is this just a coincidence, or is there another meaning?

Secondly, at the beginning of "The Beginning", Li Shiqing said in the hospital that he met."love love love"Look at the mouth shape. It was originally said that "the ghost hit the wall". Did you suddenly modify the lines for the trial, or did you say that it was a foreshadowing for the ending?

No matter how the cycle is started and how it will end, as a domestic drama,It must be controlled within a "reasonable scientific range"So this guess may come true.

Double-cycle ending

Double circulation can be described as all brain holesThe most wonderful one!

Some netizens in Zhihu believe that Wang Mengmeng, Xiao Heyun and Li Shiqing are in a cycle five years later. Five years ago, Wang Mengmeng found something unusual on the bus. She wanted to prevent the bus from accidents. In the constant cycle, she found that the key to breaking the cycle was to sacrifice herself.

Before getting off the bus, she may also look back at her teammates who are getting weaker, and this teammate is probably Xiao Heyun.

There are different opinions about the reasons for the double cycle. Some people say that Wang Mengmeng dreamed of his parents blowing up the car in the car, so he had a series of abnormal behaviors and finally got off the bus.After getting off the bus, he was killed, which caused his parents to blow up the car five years later.

This kind of cycle is very similar to the setting of "I want to see you", the causal cycle, and the tragic sense of fatalism.

At first glance, it makes sense.

If Wang Mengmeng’s crisis is only a "pervert" level (without saying that a pervert is not terrible or worthy of attention), why did she lose control and grab the steering wheel?

Is what she wants to do more important than the lives of a car full of people?

Why did she call her father before doing it?

Although this speculation is wonderful, there are only two episodes left, which seems difficult to explain. But also add new difficulty to "scientific explanation".

Parallel space-time ending

The same brain hole from netizens in Zhihu, the parallel space-time ending, is somewhat chilling.

Netizens speculate that Wang Mengmeng itself is still in a cycle.The cycle of Xiao Heyun and Li’s poetic sentiment is only the continuation story line of Wang Mengmeng’s failure in a certain cycle.. The first time I saw this speculation, my back was really cold …

Every time Wang Mengmeng’s cycle fails, a story line is derived, and there is a cycle inside the story line, and groups of parallel universes are born.

This speculation is quite wonderful, but there are not many foreshadowing in the drama version.

The ending of "Li Shi Qing is Wang Mengmeng"

From the brain hole of tiger pounce netizens.

The netizen thinksLi Shiqing and Wang Mengmeng have too many similarities..

First, dress up. On the day of the incident, both of them were wearing blue shirts with white canvas bags, and there was a blue thing in the lower right corner of the bag.

Then, personal experience. Both of them are from Jiaodao, and they came to Jialin to study in the same university. Wang Mengmeng was 20 years old when he died, so was Li Shiqing, a junior this year.

Secondly, it is the "vain death" mentioned in the play.

Wang Mengmeng died five years ago, perhaps because it was in vain, and the soul was finally trapped in the same place. Five years later, her soul saw her parents blow up the car and chose Li Shiqing to enter the cycle to change the ending.　

This speculation is equally nerve-racking, but please believe that "Machamp God Disorder" will not appear in domestic fashion dramas.

"Adapted into a game based on real experience" ending

In all the guesses of netizens, it is not difficult to see that the most unacceptable thing for everyone is to use"a dream" or "game plot" to explain the cycle.. This is a common ending technique in domestic thrillers and horror films, and it is also a symbol of bad ending.

Douban netizen elf thought of an ending from the perspective of both passing the trial and ensuring the quality:

The whole cycle, the whole story, is a game plot,The game was designed by the male host Xiao Heyun, and the female host Li Shiqing played the game..

The netizen also wrote a line to the hostess, "It was obviously a melon at that time, how did it change into a watermelon?", suggesting that the game plot is the real experience of the two.

Although it’s in line with the national conditions, it’s really a bit frustrating …

"A Dream of Wang Xingde" Type Ending

this is aBased on the original ending storySpeculation.

In the original work, Uncle Kai Wang Xingde was interviewed by a reporter. He said that his idea of bombing a car was not so firm, and even his thoughts drifted many times during driving, thinking that someone was sick, quarreled or the bus was awkward.Okay, find a reason to let the passengers off.But in the end it didn’t happen.

Novel screenshot

This sentence makes Li’s poetry think carefully and fear. Isn’t that what happened in the cycle?

At the beginning, Wang Xingde was hesitant when he saw his wife get on the bus with a pot.

On the other hand, in a cycle, when Li Shiqing learned that Uncle Kai was another murderer, he angrily ran to Uncle Kai and said nothing. Wang Xingde took the initiative to ask 1:"Are you getting off?"

He really wants an acceptable explanation for his daughter’s death, but he doesn’t want to drag the whole car to death.

Perhaps subconsciously, he always hoped that someone could stop him, which resulted in related dreams. But this ending may disappoint the audience.

Of course, all endings are guesses, and how the feature film ends will have to wait.

As for the future of "anti-bombing CP" (Li Shiqing, Xiao Heyun), although Weibo of Bai Jingting seems to have a strong knife flavor, he also revealed it in the live broadcast.Have a "warm" ending.

I have to say, no matter what train of thought "The Beginning" ends with, it has alreadyCreated a new height of domestic drama.The grand occasion of guessing the ending by the whole people seems to have never happened before.

In the past, people at most speculated about the emotional trend of men and women, or who was the real murderer. "The Beginning" provides a rich and broad space, and the audience’s brains are wide open, vowing to make the plot reasonable and complete, which undoubtedly confirms the success of "The Beginning".

Say something silently:Don’t rot!

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