I don’t know what you think of domestic cars, but what I want to introduce to you today is domestic cars. Let’s take a look at its performance.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of Warrior 917. The front face of Warrior 917 is very fierce and unforgettable. Then, the cold headlight design was adopted, which upgraded it to a certain level. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, front fog lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the size of the car body is 5052 mm * 2150 mm * 2059 mm. The car adopts spiritual lines, giving people a very calm feeling. With large-sized thick-walled tires, the shape is eye-catching. Looking back, the overall shape of the rear of the car echoes the front face, and the taillights are very dynamic and lively. Overall, they are relatively round.

Sitting in the car, the interior looks very sharp and the whole looks very elegant. The steering wheel of the car is well designed, equipped with electric up and down+front and rear adjustment, steering wheel memory and other functions, which makes people fondle it. From the central control point of view, with the 15.6-inch central control screen, the interior design is quite layered, and the details are still in place. Finally, let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats. The dashboard design is remarkable and the display effect is excellent. The car uses leather seats, which are wrapped in place and are very comfortable to ride.

The car is equipped with car networking, driving mode selection, remote control key, Bluetooth key, rear wiper, traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), and the configuration performance is passable and basically satisfactory.

What’s your main impression of this car after reading the whole article? The model class introduced today is the most considered class when many people buy their first car, mainly because the size of this class is moderate and the price is reasonable.

From August, a number of new regulations will be implemented one after another, involving employment, pension, artificial intelligence, intellectual property rights and other aspects.

For example, in the management of artificial intelligence services, the new regulations clearly stipulate that the provision and use of generative artificial intelligence services should respect the legitimate rights and interests of others, and must not infringe on others’ rights of portrait, reputation, honor, privacy and personal information.

In terms of local laws and regulations, Sichuan has fully opened the "inter-provincial general office" business for newborn babies. Chongqing officially requires catering, tourism and accommodation industries not to provide disposable goods on their own initiative, while Xiamen clearly stipulates that pedestrians crossing zebra crossings will be warned or fined.

Revision of monopoly behavior in intellectual property field: three types of behaviors are included in the scope of adjustment

The newly revised Provisions on Prohibiting Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights to Exclude and Restrict Competition came into effect on August 1st. Among them, the connotation of "abuse of intellectual property rights to exclude and restrict competition" is expanded, and three types of monopolistic behaviors, such as reaching monopoly agreements by exercising intellectual property rights, abusing market dominance, and implementing concentration of operators that have or may have the effect of excluding and restricting competition, are included in the scope of adjustment.

At the same time, we will improve the rules for the determination of monopolistic behaviors by exercising intellectual property rights, and improve and refine the definition of relevant markets, the determination and presumption of market dominance, the determination of monopolistic behaviors, the considerations for centralized examination of operators and the specific types of additional restrictive conditions, so as to enhance the guidance and operability of the rules.

In addition, the Regulations strengthen the regulation of typical and special monopolistic behaviors in the field of intellectual property rights, such as improving the relevant provisions on patent pools and prohibiting patent pool entities and members from using patent pools to engage in monopolistic behaviors.

Standardizing the entrusted appraisal of mediation before litigation: the principle of voluntary participation of the parties should be followed.

The Supreme People’s Court issued the "Rules on Entrusting Appraisal in Pre-litigation Mediation (Trial)", which came into effect on August 1st, and made provisions for standardizing the work of entrusting appraisal in pre-litigation mediation. The "Regulations" emphasize that pre-litigation appraisal should follow the principle of voluntary participation of the parties. The parties may jointly apply for pre-litigation appraisal. If one party applies for pre-litigation appraisal, it shall obtain the consent of other parties.

According to the Regulation, in the process of pre-litigation mediation, the people’s court may, upon the application of the parties, provide pre-litigation entrusted appraisal services for motor vehicle traffic accident liability disputes, medical damage liability disputes, property damage compensation disputes, construction project contract disputes, labor contract disputes, product liability disputes, sales contract disputes, life rights, body rights, health rights disputes and other disputes suitable for pre-litigation appraisal, relying on the entrusted appraisal system of the people’s court.

State Administration of Financial Supervision: Expanding the scope of commercial health insurance applicable to individual tax concessions

The Notice of the State Financial Supervision and Administration on Relevant Matters Concerning the Application of Personal Income Tax Preferential Policies for Commercial Health Insurance came into effect on August 1st.

The Notice extends the scope of commercial health insurance products subject to individual income tax preferential policies to major types of commercial health insurance such as medical insurance, long-term care insurance and sickness insurance, which increases the content of product protection and improves the flexibility.

In addition, in view of the current situation of insufficient protection for people with past diseases, it is required to include them in the scope of medical insurance coverage and develop long-term care insurance and disease insurance products with higher coverage and richer responsibilities. The commercial health insurance information platform will establish the information account of the insured to facilitate tax deduction.

New regulations on fire safety in pension institutions: 24-hour double duty system should be implemented.

The "Regulations on Fire Safety Management of Old-age Care Institutions" came into effect on August 1, clarifying that old-age care institutions should be set up in legal buildings; In the same building with other units, it should be separated from other units by fire prevention.

The "Regulations" also clarify that the old-age care institutions with fire control rooms should implement a 24-hour double duty system (single person can be on duty according to the requirements of local laws and regulations), and the personnel on duty should hold the professional qualification certificate of operators of fire control facilities and be familiar with the operating procedures of fire control rooms to ensure their normal operation.

Standardize human resources services: no discriminatory recruitment, no personal deposit.

The Regulations on the Administration of Human Resources Service Institutions came into effect on August 1, which is the first regulation in China to systematically regulate human resources service institutions and related activities. This "Regulation" clarifies that when a human resources service institution accepts the recruitment of personnel entrusted by an employer, the recruitment information released shall be true and legal, and shall not contain discriminatory contents in terms of nationality, race, gender, religious beliefs, etc.

In addition, the "Regulations" also clarify that operating human resources service institutions may not collect deposits from individuals, or collect deposits in disguised form in the name of guarantees. It is clear that the human resources service agency shall mark the expiration date or update it in time for the job recruitment information released by it. To carry out the collection and release of human resources supply and demand information, we should establish and improve the information release review and complaint handling mechanism to ensure that the released human resources supply and demand information is true, legal and effective.

Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence: The legitimate rights and interests of others should be respected.

The Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services came into effect on August 15th, and it is clear that the provision and use of generative artificial intelligence services should respect the legitimate rights and interests of others, and should not endanger their physical and mental health, or infringe upon their rights of portrait, reputation, honor, privacy and personal information.

The "Measures" propose that the state take effective measures to encourage the innovative development of generative artificial intelligence, implement inclusive and prudent supervision of generative artificial intelligence services, and clarify the overall requirements for providing and using generative artificial intelligence services; The specific measures to promote the development of generative artificial intelligence technology are put forward, and the requirements of training data processing activities and data labeling are defined. The specification of generative artificial intelligence service is stipulated, and it is clear that generative artificial intelligence service providers should take effective measures to prevent underage users from relying too much on or indulging in generative artificial intelligence services.

General Administration of Market Supervision: CCC certification management for lithium-ion batteries, etc.

According to the announcement issued by the General Administration of Market Supervision, CCC certification management will be implemented for lithium-ion batteries, battery packs and mobile power sources from August 1, 2023. Since August 1, 2024, those who have not obtained CCC certification certificate and marked certification mark shall not leave the factory, sell, import or use it in other business activities.

Due to the chemical characteristics of lithium batteries and charging treasures, when the production process and structure of the products do not meet the technical requirements such as national standards, or in special situations such as extreme high and low temperature, serious collision and long-term overcharge during transportation and use, it is easy to get out of control of heat, causing the batteries to swell, which will lead to safety problems such as fire, explosion, overheating or liquid leakage.

Strengthen the supervision of automobile finance: the business scope is extended, allowing the establishment of overseas subsidiaries.

The revised Measures for the Administration of Auto Finance Companies came into effect on August 11th, further strengthening the supervision of auto finance companies. The Measures require that the words "auto finance" should be marked in the names of auto finance companies. Without the approval of the State Financial Supervision Administration, no unit or individual may use the words "auto finance", "auto credit" and "auto loan" in the name of the institution.

The Measures also extend the business scope of auto finance companies from new cars to the whole industrial chain, including used cars, after-sales service and auto accessories. It is clearly stipulated that customers are allowed to apply for additional financing separately after handling auto loans. It is allowed to provide loans such as inventory purchase and maintenance equipment purchase to automobile after-sales service providers. Financial leasing business that allows sale and leaseback mode.

The Measures allow auto finance companies to set up overseas subsidiaries to provide financial services needed for the development of overseas markets of national brand cars and support China’s auto industry to "go global". Implement the requirements of the policy of opening to the outside world and cancel the restrictions on the size of assets imposed by investors of non-financial institutions.

Unify the conditions for opening a deposit account of the central bank: improve the transparency and fairness of services. The Measures for the Administration of Deposit Accounts of the Central Bank came into effect on August 15th. The Measures unify the classification, opening conditions and evaluation criteria of central bank deposit accounts, and improve the predictability and convenience of obtaining central bank account services; The management requirements for the opening, alteration, cancellation and use of central bank deposit accounts were clarified, and the life cycle management of accounts was implemented.

The Measures also focus on strengthening risk management and control in key links, standardizing the requirements for agency settlement and account security management, which is conducive to reducing the risk of fund settlement in central bank deposit accounts and ensuring business continuity. At the same time, the "Measures" clearly stated that different types of institutions at home and abroad and domestic and foreign-funded institutions should be treated equally and fair and equal account services should be provided.

Sichuan: fully open the "inter-provincial general office" business for newborns.

From August 1st, the Sichuan Provincial Public Security Department will fully open the nationwide "inter-provincial general office" business for newborns to enter the home. Eligible residents with household registration in other provinces can apply for newborns to enter the home at the public security organ in their actual place of residence, and there is no need to travel back and forth between their actual place of residence and the place where they enter the home. From August 1st, the Sichuan Provincial Public Security Department will fully open the nationwide "inter-provincial general office" business for newborns to enter the home. Eligible residents with household registration in other provinces can apply for newborns to enter the home at the public security organ in their actual place of residence, and there is no need to travel back and forth between their actual place of residence and the place where they enter the home.

Chongqing: Catering industry, tourism and accommodation industry are not allowed to provide disposable goods on their own initiative.

The Measures for the Administration of Catalogue List of Disposable Articles in Chongqing came into effect on August 1st, requiring catering, tourism and accommodation industries in Chongqing not to provide disposable articles voluntarily, and encouraging the use of degradable, recyclable and environmentally friendly products. The take-away platform should actively guide consumers to reduce the use of disposable items.

Xiamen: Pedestrians who obstruct traffic through zebra crossings will be fined for warning.

The Regulations on Traffic Safety Management of Zebra Crossing in Xiamen Special Economic Zone came into effect on August 1st, which is the first local regulation on traffic safety management of zebra crossing in China. The regulation clearly stipulates that pedestrians crossing the zebra crossing should pass within the zebra crossing as soon as possible, and are not allowed to sit, stay, frolic, browse electronic equipment or engage in other activities that affect traffic safety. Anyone who violates this regulation and hinders the legal passage of vehicles will be given a warning or a fine of 50 yuan.

[Global Military Report] The large-scale construction of nuclear power plants in China has always attracted the attention of all sectors of society. Nur Bai Keli, director of the National Energy Administration, revealed on the 6th that by 2020, the total installed capacity of nuclear power in operation and under construction in China will reach 88 million kilowatts. However, the painful lessons of several major nuclear accidents abroad have made many people "smell the nuclear color change". As the expectation of "the 13th Five-Year Plan" for inland nuclear power in China continues to heat up, many people on the Internet have questioned the safety of building nuclear power plants in inland China. Taohuajiang nuclear power station, Hunan Province is one of the first inland nuclear power plants in China. Zheng Yanguo, deputy to the National People’s Congress and general manager of Hunan taohuajiang Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., gave a detailed introduction to the multiple safety guarantees of China nuclear power plant in an interview with the Global Times reporter on the 6th.

What the hell is an inland nuclear power plant?

Recently, the controversial "inland nuclear power plant" on the Internet is actually not a professional concept. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) usually divides the site of nuclear power plants into three categories: coastal, riverside and lakeside according to the different water sources and receiving bodies. Zheng Yanguo said, according to the custom, we collectively refer to the sites of riverside and lakeside as inland nuclear power plants, and the nuclear power plants by the sea as coastal nuclear power plants. "In fact, apart from China, other countries in the world don’t have the term" inland nuclear power ". In China’s nuclear safety regulations, guidelines and standards, the word’ inland nuclear power’ is not seen. "

Zheng Yanguo said that the safety standards of Binhai, Binhe and Binhu nuclear power plants are the same at home and abroad. "The difference is that it is necessary to carry out adaptive design according to the conditions and environmental capacity of the site." He further introduced that, for example, as a coastal site, Japanese nuclear power plants consider the tsunami to a greater extent than Qinshan nuclear power plant, because Qinshan nuclear power plant does not have the conditions for a large-scale tsunami; Coastal nuclear power plants in cold areas should consider the freezing of water intake sources, while coastal nuclear power plants in subtropical areas are not necessary; Similarly, threats such as tsunami and wind wave should be considered in coastal sites, and there is no tsunami in inland areas, but floods should be considered; Because of the different receiving water bodies, the emission standard of coastal nuclear power plants is lower than that of inland, and the ability of coastal areas to withstand thermal pollution is higher than that of inland areas (so inland nuclear power plants will build cooling towers for secondary circulation cooling). He also said that in fact, more than half of the nuclear power units in operation in the world are located in inland areas.

Multiple technologies to ensure more reliable reactors

Some people also question whether the nuclear power plants built in China are safe even if there is no difference in safety standards between inland and coastal nuclear power plants. For nuclear power plants, the most terrible thing is the reactor accident. Zheng Yanguo said that two indicators, namely "core damage frequency (CDF)" and "early release frequency of a large amount of radioactivity (LERF)", are used internationally to show the safety level of the reactor. Core damage is a serious accident. The lower the CDF value, the lower the frequency of reactor melting. LERF refers to the probability that radioactive materials will enter the environment after a serious accident and the containment will fail further. In this regard, the safety indicators of China nuclear power plant are stricter than international standards. For example, he said, the International Atomic Energy Agency requires the CDF of nuclear power plants to be 10-4, and the requirements in the Requirements Document for Nuclear Power Users in the United States are 10-5, while the CDF of third-generation nuclear power technologies such as AP1000 and Hualong No.1 adopted by China is 10-7. Generally speaking, the CDF of AP1000 reactor used in taohuajiang nuclear power station is more stringent than the international standard, and the probability of accidents is lower.

How is this high safety of the reactor achieved? According to reports, at present, the AP1000 nuclear power technology adopted by China’s nuclear power plants has learned the lessons from the accidents at Three Mile Island in the United States, Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union and Fukushima in Japan, and learned from the experience feedback of the world’s nuclear power plants for decades and a large number of research results. On the basis of the traditional pressurized water reactor nuclear power technology, a "passive" safety system has been adopted. Zheng Yanguo said that the Fukushima nuclear accident was caused by the tsunami caused by the earthquake, which caused the power failure of the nuclear power plant, and the reactor could not be cooled, which led to the big explosion and the core melting. The "passive" technology of AP1000 safety system can drive the safety system of nuclear power plant by using natural phenomena such as gravity and material gravity, which can ensure that the Fukushima nuclear accident will not be repeated even if there is a power outage similar to that in Fukushima, Japan.

The proposed nuclear power plant can withstand a magnitude 9 earthquake.

One of the major natural risks faced by inland nuclear power plants is earthquakes. Zheng Yanguo said that according to the requirements of China’s nuclear safety regulations, a detailed seismic safety evaluation should be conducted at the site selection stage of nuclear power plants, and the evaluation should be completed by professional technicians from the national seismological department. According to the evaluation results, the inland nuclear power plant site needs to be in the low seismic activity area, and the near area of the plant site does not have the conditions for a major earthquake.

At the same time, according to the requirements of China’s nuclear safety regulations and the seismic safety code for nuclear power plants, the horizontal and vertical acceleration of the AP1000 unit to be built in the inland site is 0.3g. The evaluation of seismic margin shows that when the horizontal and vertical acceleration of the ground is lower than 0.5G, it can ensure the safe shutdown and maintain a safe state, which is much higher than the design reference ground motion (0.15G) of the nuclear power plant site. The peak value of ground horizontal acceleration in the vicinity of the nuclear power plant in the Fukushima earthquake of magnitude 9 in Japan is estimated to be 0.41G to 0.50G, that is to say, the AP1000 nuclear power plant to be built by inland nuclear power can also ensure safety in an environment similar to the Fukushima earthquake of magnitude 9 in Japan.

As a "just in case" response, the nuclear power plant has carefully considered the feasibility of emergency preparation and response for nuclear accidents before going to Malaysia. At the site selection stage, it has formulated a regional nuclear emergency plan according to the site conditions (population distribution, transportation, meteorology, medical care, communication, agricultural and sideline production, water resources utilization and external events), and demonstrated the feasibility of implementing emergency protection and medium-and long-term protection actions. These measures can ensure the safety of nearby residents as much as possible when accidents occur.

At the same time, considering the concerns of the public in China, inland nuclear power plants must formulate emergency plans to ensure the safety of water resources under serious accident conditions and ensure that environmental risks can be controlled. These measures include: using safe factory buildings to store radioactive sewage, and equipped with a number of large-capacity discharge tanks as a supplement or backup to the storage capacity of waste liquid; The foundation and foundation of the nuclear power plant adopt leak-proof design, and the pipelines entering and leaving the containment are separated by double valves, and radioactive pollutant inhibitors and zeolite filtration devices are equipped. Space shall be reserved in the factory area for installation of mobile emergency waste liquid treatment device in case of emergency. Through these measures, even in extreme cases, radioactive sewage can be stored, blocked, isolated and treated.

Zheng Yanguo emphasized, "In summing up the lessons of the Fukushima nuclear accident, the international nuclear energy community did not mention that inland nuclear power plants have the risk of endangering water resources security, which shows that the risk of inland nuclear power plants to water resources security belongs to’ residual risk’ which is lower than the risk of various serious accidents. For such’ residual risks’, the international nuclear energy community no longer requires fortification in regulations and standards. "

Nuclear science popularization has a long way to go.

In February, 2008, the National Development and Reform Commission approved three inland nuclear power projects in taohuajiang, Hunan, Dafan, Hubei and Pengze, Jiangxi to carry out preparatory work. Taohuajiang nuclear power project was originally planned to formally start construction in 2011 and put into commercial operation in 2015. However, the accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan in 2011 brought the inland nuclear power projects in the above three places to an abrupt end. Nur Bai Keli said on the 6 th, "We are still conducting in-depth argumentation on the construction of nuclear power plants in the inland and listening to opinions from all walks of life. There is no clear timetable at present."

In recent years, the development of clean energy in China has advanced by leaps and bounds, but the total amount of nuclear power is still at a low level. Relevant statistics show that the total installed capacity of nuclear power in operation in China only accounts for 1.78% of the total installed capacity of electricity, far below the average level of 15%-20% in developed countries. Many China nuclear power experts interviewed by Global Times generally believe that there are no technical problems in the construction of inland nuclear power plants, but there are obvious deficiencies in nuclear science popularization. The current development of nuclear power in China is largely related to the public’s acceptance of nuclear power.

Zheng Yanguo said that taohuajiang nuclear power station has carried out a series of popular science work for the people around it. For example, through the nuclear power open day, the surrounding organs and villagers are organized to visit the built Qinshan nuclear power base to eliminate nuclear fears and doubts. In the process of communication with the public, he felt that it is the common work of the whole industry or society to carry out public communication on nuclear power.

[Global Times reporter Guo Yuandan Ma Jun]

　　Overseas Network August 28th According to New York Post’s report, on August 27th, local time, hundreds of people in new york held a rally to protest against the new york administration’s ineffective handling of the immigration crisis.

　　At a rally on Manhattan’s Upper East Side, some people shouted outside the residence of new york Mayor Adams, "No immigrants on Long Island. We paid a lot of property taxes! " Some people who oppose immigration hold up signs and warn that "uncensored immigration puts us in danger".

　　Curtis Sliva, a former candidate for mayor of new york, told the crowd, "These immigrants cut in line. If I am an immigrant, you give me a chance to jump the queue, let me stay in a hotel, and then give me three hearty meals, more than the homeless or veterans in the United States have. This is wrong, and they will continue to come. " Sliva was arrested on the same day, which was the third time that he was handcuffed in a protest against immigration in less than two weeks.

　　The report said that there were more than 20 anti-protesters at the scene, and they broke out with the protesters. The two sides screamed loudly and punched each other. (Overseas Network/Li Fang)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Kunming, November 19th (Reporter Lin Bifeng, Ceng Wei) The China Seismological Network officially determined that at 1: 27 on November 19th, an earthquake of magnitude 5.0 occurred in Honghe County, Yunnan Province, with a focal depth of 8 kilometers. According to the Propaganda Department of Honghe County Committee, when the earthquake felt strong, no reports of casualties have been received yet, and all towns and villages and fire rescue departments are organizing disaster investigation.

　　According to the person in charge of the Propaganda Department of Honghe County Committee, Honghe County has a strong sense of earthquake. At present, no casualties have been received. All towns and villages are organizing disaster investigation, and local fire rescue departments have rushed to the epicenter area to organize disaster investigation.

　　The reporter learned from the Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province that the Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province is urgently organizing consultation and judgment to further collect the disaster situation. According to China Seismological Network, the focal depth of the earthquake is 8 kilometers, the epicenter is located at 23.37 degrees north latitude and 102.26 degrees east longitude, and the epicenter is 16 kilometers away from Honghe County and 192 kilometers away from Kunming City.

Editor’s note: There is only one flight between civilization and virus. A dangerous virus from the tropical rain forest can fly to any city on earth within 24 hours. Air routes connect all cities in the world to form a network. Ebola has entered the network and started to travel around the world. This article is taken from Blood Epidemic and serialized in three times.　 　 　　

January 15th, 1980

Nurses and paramedics came running with a gurney, lifted Charles Monet onto the gurney and pushed him into the intensive care unit of Nairobi Hospital. The announcement of calling the doctor sounded on the radio: there was a patient bleeding in ICU. A young doctor named Shem Musoke rushed to the scene. Dr. Musoke is recognized as the best physician in the hospital. He is energetic, enthusiastic and humorous. He often works for many hours in succession and has a good intuition about emergency treatment. He saw Monet lying on the gurney. He didn’t know what happened to the man, only that the patient was obviously bleeding heavily. There is no time to study the cause of bleeding. The patient has difficulty breathing-then stops: blood is inhaled into the lungs, causing respiratory arrest.

Dr Musoke felt his pulse: the heartbeat was weak and weak. The nurse ran to get a laryngoscope, which is a catheter that can be used to clear the patient’s trachea. Dr. Musoke tore off Monet’s shirt and observed the ups and downs of his chest. He stood at the top of the gurney, bent over Monet’s face and looked Monet’s eyes upside down.

Monet’s red eyes looked at Dr. Musoke, but his eyes were still and his pupils were dilated. Brain injury: loss of consciousness. His nose and mouth are covered with blood. Dr. Musoke lifted the patient’s head backward, opened the tracheal opening, and inserted the laryngoscope. He didn’t wear rubber gloves. He swept his finger around the patient’s tongue to clean up dead cells, mucus and blood. Slippery black blood clots stained his hands. The patient smelled of vomit and blood, but it was not unusual for Dr. Musoke, who concentrated on his work. He lowered his head, and his face was only a few inches away from Monet’s face. He looked into Monet’s mouth to locate the laryngoscope. The laryngoscope slid over Monet’s tongue. He pushed it open and looked at the trachea at the back of epiglottis. This black hole leads to the lungs. He inserted the laryngoscope into the hole and looked close to the eyepiece. Monet suddenly shook and lifted his body.

Monet vomited again.

Black vomit poured through the laryngoscope and gushed out of Monet’s mouth. Black and red liquid splashed into the air and fell on Dr. Musoke. The liquid got into his eyes and spilled on the white uniform and his chest, leaving several red mucus mixed with black patches. The liquid fell into his mouth.

The doctor straightened the patient’s head and cleaned the blood in his mouth with his fingers. Blood stained the doctor’s hands, wrists and forearms. Blood stains are everywhere: on the gurney, on the doctor’s body and on the ground. The nurses in the intensive care unit couldn’t believe their eyes. Dr Musoke looked down the trachea and inserted the laryngoscope deeper into the lungs. He saw bleeding in the trachea.

It seems that the patient went into shock due to blood loss. He lost so much blood that he began to dehydrate. Blood gushed out from every hole in the body. The blood left in the body is not enough to maintain circulation, so the heartbeat is so weak and the blood pressure is almost dropped to zero. He needs a blood transfusion.

The nurse brought a bag of whole blood. Dr Musoke hung the blood bag on the drip stand, picked up the needle and inserted it into the patient’s arm. There seems to be something wrong with the patient’s blood vessels; Blood poured out around the needle. Dr Musoke tried again, inserting the needle into another position of the patient’s arm and sticking it into the blood vessel. Failure. Still bleeding like a spring. No matter where he sticks the needle into the patient’s arm, the blood vessels will burst like cooked macaroni and blood will gush out; Blood emerges from the pinhole in the patient’s arm and cannot be coagulated. There is obviously something wrong with his blood. Dr. Musoke gave up the idea of blood transfusion because he was afraid that the patient would bleed to death because of the pinhole in his arm. The patient’s internal organs are still bleeding and black as asphalt.

Monet fell into a deeper coma and never regained consciousness. The next morning, he died in the intensive care unit. Dr. Musoke is always at the bedside.

Nobody knows what killed him. Cause of death is unknown. The doctor dissected the body and found that the kidney had been damaged, as had the liver. The liver is yellow and even liquefied in some places-just like the liver of a dead body; As if Monet had turned into a corpse before he died. Mucosal decay, that is, the shedding of intestinal wall tissue, is also common in Fang Chen’s corpse a few days later. What was the cause of death? I can’t say clearly, because there are too many possibilities. Everything in the patient’s body is not right, it is really "everything", and any one of them is fatal: blood clot, massive internal bleeding, liver turning into paste, intestines filled with blood. No words, classifications or even words can describe what happened to him. Doctors finally called it "explosive liver failure". His body was put into a waterproof bag-according to a client’s description, it was buried locally. Many years later, when I visited Nairobi, no one remembered where the grave was.

January 24th, 1980

The patient’s vomit splashed into Dr. Shem Musoke’s eyes and mouth. After nine days, his back gradually felt sore. He doesn’t know much about back pain-to be honest, he has never experienced severe back pain-but after all, he is nearly 30 years old and feels that he is approaching the age of low back injury. He has worked very hard in the past few weeks. First, he stayed with a patient with heart problems all night, and the next day he stayed with a bleeding patient from somewhere inland for nearly one night. So he didn’t sleep for several days. He didn’t take vomiting to heart, and the pain gradually spread all over his body, but he still didn’t think much. Then, when he looked in the mirror, he found his eyes turned red.

Eyeball turns red: he suspects that he is infected with malaria. At this time, he began to have a fever, so he must be infected with something. The back pain continues to spread, and the muscles all over the body ache badly. He took antimalarial drugs, but it was useless, so he asked the nurse to inject him with antimalarial drugs.

The nurse gave him an intramuscular injection in his arm. The pain of acupuncture is extremely severe. He has never felt such terrible pain because of a mere needle; This situation is abnormal and deserves attention. He began to wonder why an ordinary injection could bring that level of pain. Next, his abdomen began to ache. He suspected that he was infected with typhoid fever, so he took a course of antibiotics, but his condition did not ease. On the other hand, patients need him, so he is still busy in the hospital. The pain in the stomach and muscles became more and more unbearable, and he began to have jaundice.

The pain made him unable to treat himself, and his work had to be put down temporarily. He went to see Antonia Bagshaw, a physician in Nairobi Hospital. She finished the examination for him and confirmed fever, red eyes, jaundice and abdominal pain, but she couldn’t get a clear conclusion, only suspected that he had gallstones or liver abscess. Acute attack of gallstones or liver abscess can cause fever, jaundice and abdominal pain (but it can’t explain the redness of the eyeball). The doctor gave his liver an ultrasound examination. It can be seen from the imaging that the liver is a little swollen, but there is nothing unusual other than that. At this time, Musoke was seriously ill. The doctor put him in a private ward, and the nurses took turns to look after him 24 hours a day. His face became expressionless.

Acute attack of gallstones can be fatal. Dr. Bagshaw suggested an exploratory operation on Dr. Musoke. A team of surgeons led by Dr. imre loffler opened his body in the main operating room of Nairobi Hospital. The incision was located above the liver, and the doctor pulled open the abdominal muscles. The strange sight seen in Musoke was shocking, and no one could explain it: the liver was swollen and red, showing pathological symptoms, but the doctor could not find the symptoms of gallstones. On the other hand, he was bleeding. Surgery will definitely cut off blood vessels, and the cut blood vessels will bleed for a while and then coagulate; If the bleeding does not stop, the doctor will use a gelatin sponge to stop the bleeding. Musoke’s blood vessels kept bleeding: his blood couldn’t clot, as if he had hemophilia. The doctor put a gelatin sponge on his whole liver, but the blood continued to ooze. The doctor had to suck a lot of blood from the incision, but after cleaning it up, the blood would fill the incision again. Just like digging a hole under the waterline, the speed of water accumulation is as fast as drainage. A surgeon later told others that the surgical team was "soaked in blood". They cut a small piece from the liver for biopsy, soaked the tissue in a fixed solution, and sewed up the incision as quickly as possible.

After the operation, his condition deteriorated rapidly and his kidneys began to fail. He seems to be dying. His doctor Antonia Bagshaw happened to be going abroad, and a doctor named David Silverstein took over. Dr. Musoke may suffer from renal failure, and he can only live on dialysis, which gives the hospital an unusual color: colleagues love him very much and absolutely don’t want to lose this partner. Silverstein suspected that Dr. Musoke was infected with some rare virus. He collected blood samples from patients and extracted serum. Serum is a transparent golden yellow liquid, which can be obtained by removing red blood cells from blood. He submitted several test tubes of frozen serum to major laboratories for testing, including the National Institute of Virology in Sandringham, South Africa, and the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He began to wait for the result.

This article is excerpted from "Blood Epidemic" by [America] Richard Preston, published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House, translated by Yao Xianghui, published in March, 2016.

　

Released today"model of the times"figure

It’s kind of cool.

He not only likes reading martial arts novels.

I also practiced iron sand palm.

Not only playing the violin,

He is also a "romantic expert" who has spoiled his wife for more than 30 years.

He is.Wanbuyan

Not only is the name like "Wulin Master"

True identity is in the field of seabed exploration.

Top player!

We all know

The ocean is rich in resources.

As early as the 1980s.

When developed countries have "raced around" on the high seas,

However, China is backward in marine technology

Can only look at the ocean and sigh

In 2003, Chinese developed it himself.

The first deep-sea shallow formation core sampling drilling rig

Turned out

It not only completely broke the seabed geological exploration drilling rig

The history of monopoly by developed countries

More creative and refreshing

The drilling depth in the world has laid the foundation.

It has realized China’s exploration in the field of seabed.

Major technological breakthrough

Many people can’t believe it.

Ordinary as you and me.

Like singing, walking and watching the stars.

It turned out to be the one who drilled in the deep sea of more than 2,000 meters.

The "peerless master" who took out the seabed core — —

Chief scientist of China Manatee Project.

01

1964

Wan Buyan was born in the countryside of Huarong County, Hunan Province.

Because grandpa is a revolutionary martyr.

Even in the years when food is scarce and life is difficult.

Wanjia receives a gift from the state every year.

Relief grain for 600 Jin of millet

At that time, Wan Buyan, who was still young.

I don’t understand that grandpa can put it into life

What exactly are ideals and beliefs?

But this 600-pound relief food is actually real.

Give him a man who can fill his stomach,

A childhood that can fully release one’s nature

Wan Buyan’s mischievousness is famous in the village.

Go down the river, climb trees and dig out bird’s nests.

His intelligence and practical ability are strong.

Is to let the adults cooing:

Homemade slingshots, small pistols

Even use the village scrapped.

Telephone and flashlight bulbs

Set up a small lighting grid.

I once went to the supply and marketing cooperative with my mother.

See the Xinhua Dictionary in the window.

He just lay on the ground and rolled around and insisted on buying it back.

This Xinhua Dictionary is like a fan.

The gateway to a new world

Let him fall in love with reading and astronomy.

Thinking about things that can fly to the sky all day.

In 1978, Wan Buyan, who just turned 14.

With excellent results

Entered the Geology Department of Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.

Prospecting engineering specialty

In 1985, Wan Buyan graduated from graduate school.

I heard Changsha Mining Research Institute.

To set up the first marine mining laboratory in China

And go to the bottom of the sea to mine

At the age of 21, he was the first to sign up.

that’s it

Wan Buyan who failed to "take the moon for nine days"

With the opportunity of "going to the five oceans to catch turtles"

And this is more than 30 years!

02

In 1992, Wan Buyan

Invited to Japan to carry out marine technology cooperation research.

Facing the situation of being far behind others.

Japanese personnel often mercilessly.

Expressing disapproval of Chinese

My heart is like an inflammation with a thorn.

Study hard with all one’s strength

A year later.

He was not only highly praised by the Japanese side.

But also received it.

A high-paying invitation of $2,500 a month

Faced with wages nearly 100 times higher than those in China.

Wan Buyan is very proud inside.

This proves the ability of China technicians.

Not worse than foreigners at all.

But his choice to return to China is even more firm:

The progress of science and technology, the strength of the country

It is inseparable from everyone’s efforts and struggles.

In 1998, 34-year-old Wan Buyan

Finally boarded the ocean research ship for the first time.

However, what I saw on the boat

It stung him deeply again — —

"All instruments and equipment,

Even a small steel pipe for this sample.

They are all imported. "

What makes him even more distressed is that

It costs hundreds of thousands of yuan for a scientific research ship to run at sea for one day.

Can work at sea for several months.

None of the samples were successfully obtained.

At that time, China has been from the International Seabed Authority.

Applied for an area in the Pacific Ocean.

If the information cannot be submitted within the time limit

You lose priority.

Facing the needs of the country and the unwillingness of others

Wan Buyan made up his mind:

We must develop our own in five years.

Deep sea drilling equipment

At that time, many experts thought that

China can take the "foreign road" step by step.

It’s already very good

Wan Buyan put forward:

If you want to do it, do the best!

In the face of foreign technology blockade

Wan Buyan bites his teeth.

Take the team to tackle technical problems one by one.

April 2003

Wan Buyan finally led the team to create

Chinese’s own.

Deep-sea shallow formation core sampling drilling rig

On the day of the sea trial, he personally operated the drilling rig.

Almost hold your breath.

Put the rig on the seabed bit by bit.

The process of tripping in lasted for half an hour.

Everyone stared nervously at the data in the control room.

Although only 0.7 meters.

But this isChinese’s own deep-sea drilling rig

The first hole in the Pacific Ocean!

At that moment, everyone hugged and cried and laughed.

Wan Buyan, who seldom drinks alcohol at ordinary times.

Drunk as a fiddle

For this moment

For the 0.7 meters drilled under the sea floor

He struggled for 18 years.

Start from scratch again and again

Return to zero and restart again and again

Finally at the bottom of the dark sea

Out of a

China road that no one has ever taken.

03

From the seabed surface to a depth of several hundred meters.

There is a kind of strategic significance in it.

Future energy — — combustible ice

however

The storage conditions of combustible ice are extremely harsh.

At that time, because there was no relevant technology.

China can only rent foreign drilling ships.

Not only is it expensive to go to sea

It also faces the distribution of combustible ice reserves in China’s high seas.

The huge risk first mastered by foreign countries

"The resources of our country,

But I don’t have my own technology to mine! "

In order to get rid of the dilemma as soon as possible

Wan Buyan made another bold decision:

If you want to do it, make it represent the wisdom of China.

Equipment that can really lead the world!

In order to explore a set of innovative paths

Wan Buyan is holding a malicious strength.

In the factory with team members

Control every detail to the extreme

Test over and over again

For six years.

He led the team to try hundreds of methods.

26 materials have been tested.

Five iterative upgrades have been made.

Finally created one for the deep sea of China.

An unparalleled "underwater beast" — —

7.6 meters high, 10 meters around the waist and weighing 12 tons

"Manatee II"

March 2021

Wan Buyan took his "Manatee II"

Send a gauntlet to the 2000-meter deep sea

As long as this manatee can show its great power at the bottom of the sea.

Deep-sea exploration in China can really be technically

Leading the world and overtaking in corners

However, just as the test went smoothly.

Suddenly there was a loud noise at sea — —

The reducer of marine winch was seriously damaged.

At this point, "Manatee II"

Suspended in the deep sea of nearly 1000 meters

Can’t put it away, can’t put it down.

Seeing that 48 hours later,

A strong typhoon is about to pass

If the winch can’t be repaired in time

You have to cut the cable.

Had to spend years researching and developing,

The manatee II, worth tens of millions of yuan, was buried at the bottom of the sea.

Watch the time pass by.

Everyone tried every means to declare failure.

There is only silence on the whole scientific research ship.

At this time, the distance from the typhoon arrived.

There are less than 30 hours left.

When everyone is ready to give up.

Wan Buyan walked out of the room with a drawn drawing.

Say to everyone:

We can temporarily build a hydraulic system.

Wan Bu Yan stood on the deck.

Facing the strong wind, personally direct the operation.

Finally, from the arrival of the typhoon

In less than two hours.

The manatee beast was finally successfully recovered.

April 7, 2021

Wan Buyan took "Manatee II"

Challenge the 2000-meter deep sea again.

With everyone watching.

"Manatee II" slowly entered the sea and did not enter the deep blue.

Two and a half hours later

It reached the bottom of the sea at a depth of 2060 meters.

"1m, 60m, 100m … …”

Wan Buyan concentrated on controlling the drilling rig.

Drill down deeply

For more than 20 hours

Wan Buyan, 57, hardly slept a wink.

When the depth of the drill bit reaches 228m and 229m … …

When it finally stays at 231 meters.

Wan Buyan couldn’t help blushing.

From 0.7 meters to 231 meters

From pushing open a crack in the deep sea

To open the deep sea door

From looking back to achieving technological transcendence

This 231 meters, Wan Buyan walked for more than 20 years.

It is also at this moment.

He finally pulled it out

Technological backwardness is a thorn deeply rooted in my heart for many years.

Others did it.

We can do it, too

What others haven’t done yet

We may do it before others!

04

All kinds of inflammation in life

Is a very romantic person.

Play a song "The Moon Represents My Heart"

Violin

It was his deepest confession to his wife.

Singing is his lifelong hobby.

Not only is karaoke installed at home.

Even the theory of music has been studied clearly by him.

When not busy

Take a walk and play table tennis with your wife.

Look at the stars in front of the telescope

It is the moment when he enjoys life the most.

Even with students.

In the days of offshore exploration

He often takes everyone with him.

Look up at the stars together

Immersed in the stars all over the sky together

And the depth of the sea

Whenever this time

He always can’t help but sigh:

One’s whole life

In fact, it is the moment when the stars blink.

Our eyes are on the sea of stars.

But every step we take

Be sure to keep your feet on the ground

Wan Buyan, who is 59 years old this year.

Although it is already gray at the temples.

The light in the eyes is brighter and firmer.

"Towards a deep blue ocean dream.

Is my Chinese dream.

The more difficult it is,

The more excited I am, the more I want to challenge it.

Every successful research and development has made me feel particularly fulfilled.

That kind of happiness and joy

Just like when I was a kid "

Speaking of dreams

Wan Buyan seems to have changed back to that.

Holding a copy of Xinhua Dictionary.

With dreams and curiosity

A teenager who longs for heaven and sea.

Yes, when you choose to go forward.

Dreams will eventually take you far away.

Love will definitely light up the future!

As Wan Buyan often says:

"Down-to-earth, look up at the stars!"

We in Chinese are capable and wise.

Can be a treasure house of knowledge for all mankind

Contribute our share of China’s strength!

At nine o’clock tonight

Pay attention together

CCTV-1 "Time Model Publishing Hall"

　　Cctv network eliminationInterest: Why are the cases of minors being violated increasing year by year? Recently, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate released several sets of data concerning the violation of minors. Taking the crime of child molestation as an example, it has been on the rise in the past five years.

　　With the approach of June 1st, in the past two days, judicial organs all over the country are doing the same thing: introducing to the public the work they have done in cracking down on crimes against minors in the past year through various means. For example, the Guangdong Provincial Procuratorate has specially published a white paper, while the Hangzhou Procuratorate has reported the current situation and trend of minors’ infringement in recent years through a press conference. The Beijing Higher People’s Court released relevant data specifically for cases of sexual assault on minors.

　　On the 29th, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate also held a press conference to inform that since 2017, procuratorial organs have punished crimes against minors and strengthened judicial protection of minors.

　　Groups of data released by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate reflect the grim situation of the protection of minors in China. Take the crime of child molestation as an example. In the past five years, criminal cases have been on the rise. From the point of view of crime types, sexual assault and injury cases account for a relatively large proportion in the cases of public prosecution; Among the crimes committed by adults against minors, rape, child molestation, forced molestation, organizing prostitution and other sexual assault cases are frequent.

　　In addition to the increasing number of crimes prosecuted, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate also emphasized another reality at the press conference on the 29th, that is, in addition to these data, there are actually a large number of juvenile crimes that have not been discovered.

　　The press conference of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate informed the public with detailed data that the protection of minors in China is facing great challenges at present.

　　To put it simply, there are two factors. The first aspect is the form of protection for minors, which is indeed more severe than before, that is, cases of infringement of minors’ rights and interests do occur more than they should have. There are various factors of social change, such as population mobility, which makes left-behind children vulnerable when their parents are not around, including some children who go to the city with their parents, and the children of these migrants are sometimes vulnerable. In addition, the Internet has also brought great influence, that is, the pornography, violence and other factors of the Internet make children hurt more and more easily to some extent. In other words, it is a fact that the situation of protecting minors is more severe. On the other hand, from the perspective of the judiciary, it has also paid more attention to the protection of minors and intensified the crackdown on similar crimes. Therefore, we have seen an increase in such cases.

　　At the meeting of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, a problem was raised, that is, when handling cases of crimes against minors, this case is more difficult than other cases, which is difficult to find, verify and accuse. This is an objective reality, that is, the cases of sexual abuse of minors are recognized as the largest category in the world. From the perspective of our country, some cases of sexual abuse of minors, for example, are influenced by traditional concepts, fearing that your reputation will be affected, parents and children will not report the case. In addition, even if you report the case, considering that there is no evidence, for example, the public security organs are not willing to establish a criminal case at the beginning, so it is difficult to file a case.

　　With the change of the whole society, the cases that may be infringed upon by minors are gradually showing an upward trend.

　　13-year-old Fenfen was taken to the hotel by 29-year-old Li to have sex. Afterwards, Fenfen reported that she was raped. However, after investigation by the local police, she decided not to file a case.

　　According to police investigations, Li did not know and both parties were voluntary. However, the decision not to file a case has caused constant doubts from public opinion. Twenty-seven days after the notice of not filing the case was issued, the Anhua County Public Security Bureau of Hunan Province announced that it would cancel the previous decision and said that it would continue to investigate the case.

　　A case involving minors reflects the differences in understanding between some grass-roots judicial organs in judging the infringement of minors.

　　In addition to the differences in judicial ideas in practice, there are also differences in system exploration in some places in the face of increasingly severe protection of minors.

　　On April 27th this year, the Xiaoshan District Procuratorate of Hangzhou, together with Xiaoshan District Public Security Bureau, Dajiangdong Public Security Bureau, Xiaoshan District Health Planning Bureau and Dajiangdong Social Development Bureau, jointly issued the Opinions on Establishing a Compulsory Reporting System for Infringement on Minors, clearly requiring medical institutions to report cases of abnormal injuries and deaths found in the course of medical treatment in a timely manner, which is regarded by public opinion as the first "compulsory reporting system" in China.

　　In fact, as early as 2014, there were media reports that some places began to explore the establishment of a "mandatory reporting" system for juvenile infringement cases, but by 2018, only Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou became the first place to implement the system.

　　Last year, the Minhang District Procuratorate of Shanghai took the lead in issuing regulations to restrict those who have committed crimes involving sexual assault, such as rape and indecency, from working in close contact with minors. Their approach is to establish a "database of criminals involved in sexual assault". Subsequently, nine units in Huaiyin District, Huai ‘an City, Jiangsu Province, also issued the System on Prohibition of Employment and Information Disclosure of Juvenile Offenders.

　　To protect minors, some places have made active explorations in the system, and this exploration has also won the appreciation of public opinion. What we need more is that this positive system promotion can be carried out in more and more places.

　　CCTV News:Previously, some people reported that there were some problems such as "separation of nationality" and "immigration for the college entrance examination" among the students of Grade Three in fuyuan school. Shenzhen authorities recently confirmed that among the top 100 students in the "Second Model" exam in fuyuan school, more than 10 students were transferred from Hebei Hengshui No.1 Middle School. The Guangdong Provincial Department of Education responded that if the "college entrance examination immigration" situation is true, students will be sent back to their places of origin.

　　If it is true, it will be sent back to the country of origin or the college entrance examination results will be cancelled.

　　Jing Lihu, Director of Education Department of Guangdong Province: "We are currently in the investigation stage of the whole province, and the next step is to reasonably and steadily clear these students and let them return to their hometown college entrance examination. If after the college entrance examination, it is found that there are still college entrance examination immigrants taking the college entrance examination in our province, we will cancel the results of these students. If it is verified that the school is deliberately engaged in college entrance examination immigration, we can reduce the enrollment plans of these schools and even revoke their school licenses. "

　　The so-called college entrance examination immigration refers to that some candidates use improper means and channels to move to provinces with low admission scores and high admission rates in order to achieve the purpose of going to universities or good universities. "College entrance examination immigrants" will crowd out the normal college entrance opportunities of candidates through improper means and harm the interests of the majority of candidates.

　　Managing "College Entrance Examination Immigrants" and Comprehensively Investigating Transfer Students

　　In order to put an end to the phenomenon of "college entrance examination immigrants", the Guangdong Provincial Department of Education recently issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in Governing "college entrance examination immigrants", requiring all localities to set up a special action working group on "college entrance examination immigrants" to carry out special actions to control "college entrance examination immigrants", and conduct a comprehensive investigation on the transfer conditions of students transferred from other provinces to ordinary high schools in Guangdong Province before May 10, focusing on whether their school status and household registration transfer are legal and compliant.

Last night, I was lying in bed, swiping the screen to complete the last purchase of the Double Eleven, and I was caught off guard by the fans that the draft of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Vaccine Management Law (hereinafter referred to as "Vaccine Law") was released.

This morning, many friends of media reporters call me on WeChat and asked me to express my views. I read the draft for comments carefully and gave the following 14 points.

Viewpoint 1: The vaccine law is higher than the vaccine regulations and more comprehensive.

Previously, the most authoritative normative document in the field of vaccines was the State Council Order No.668 promulgated in 2005 and revised in 2016-Regulations on the Administration of Vaccine Circulation and Vaccination (hereinafter referred to as "Vaccine Regulations"). After consulting a senior legal person, I learned that if the vaccine law is formally promulgated, it should be passed by the National People’s Congress and signed and promulgated by president, and its status is higher than the vaccine regulations.

As a practitioner in the field of vaccines, my ass determines my head. I support our country to regulate the production, circulation and vaccination of vaccines with proprietary laws on the basis of the existing drug administration law. This shows that the country attaches great importance to the vaccine as a special drug and public health, and it is a great opportunity for the development of the vaccine field. As a vaccine person, I also feel a great responsibility.

Both the Vaccine Regulations and the Vaccine Law regulate the two fields of vaccine circulation and vaccination. The Vaccine Law also puts forward many new requirements for production enterprises in the second to fourth chapters, and the ninth and tenth chapters also strengthen the definition of supervision and management and legal responsibility.

In the full text of the vaccine law, there is no mention of the relationship with the vaccine regulations. I wonder if it is an omission? According to my understanding, it should be that once the vaccine law is implemented, the vaccine regulations should be abolished.

Viewpoint 2: Vaccines are related to national security.

Article 1 [Legislative Purpose] This Law is formulated to ensure the safety, effectiveness and accessibility of vaccines, standardize vaccination, safeguard and promote public health and safeguard national security.

The first article of the Vaccine Law links vaccines with national security, which is an unprecedented formulation.

In fact, it is not surprising that vaccines mainly prevent infectious diseases.

Like smallpox, a deadly infectious disease of the reaper, it was eliminated by vaccination in the last century. Polio is also a disease that seriously endangers children’s health. At present, it has been eliminated by vaccination against polio in China. The next disease to be eliminated should be measles.

However, there is also an infectious disease that poses a great threat to life-influenza, and its vaccination rate in China is less than 2%. If a mutated influenza virus causes a global epidemic of plague, such vaccination rate can’t stop the pace of death at all. Especially this year, due to various accidents and poor coordination, the supply of influenza vaccine in China has been reduced by more than half compared with the same period of last year.

If an influenza pandemic really occurs this year, the serious shortage of influenza vaccine will lead to the epidemic situation being uncontrollable, and public health and the national economy are likely to be hit hard.

Therefore, linking vaccines with national security is by no means alarmist.

Viewpoint 3: Relevant definitions and terms need to be clarified.

Article 2 [Scope of Application] The term "vaccine" as mentioned in this Law refers to preventive biological products used for human immunization in order to prevent and control the occurrence and epidemic of diseases.

At the beginning of the formulation and revision of the Vaccine Regulations, vaccines were defined as: …… preventive biological products of vaccines. As you can see, there has been a phenomenon of using "vaccine" to explain vaccines, which is really inappropriate.

The definition of vaccine in vaccine law avoids the embarrassment of circular explanation, but this definition is still not perfect.

Are there only vaccines for preventive biological products? Actually, it is not.

China is a big country of hepatitis B. For babies whose mothers are carriers of hepatitis B, our strategy to prevent them from being infected with hepatitis B is to vaccinate them with hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin also meets the definition of vaccine in the vaccine law here, but it is not a vaccine.

The essence of vaccine is to make the human body actively produce immunity against diseases, and its purpose is prevention for the time being, and it is likely to include treatment in the future.

Vaccines in the Vaccine Law should refer to vaccines for preventive use, so its definition is suggested to be changed to: …… preventive biological products used for human body to actively generate immunity.

The term [immunization] also appears in the definition of vaccine, and the other parts of the full text use [vaccination], so it is suggested to unify it into a more popular [vaccination]. In the full text, it is also suggested that [immunization program] be changed to [vaccination program] in a unified way.

Viewpoint 4: Vaccine classification should be simple and clear.

Article 2 [Scope of Application] Vaccines are divided into immunization programs and non-immunization programs.

Vaccines are divided into the first category and the second category in the vaccine regulations, and it is necessary to explain to the public what are the first and second categories. The new classification of vaccine law essentially corresponds to the second classification in the vaccine regulations, but it does not reduce the difficulty of understanding. It is necessary to explain what immunization planning is at the end of the full text.

China CDC has a National Immunization Planning Center. If vaccines are divided into immunization vaccines and non-immunization vaccines, then does the National Immunization Planning Center manage non-immunization vaccines?

In fact, whether it is the first type of vaccine/the second type of vaccine, or the immunization program vaccine/the non-immunization program vaccine, the vernacular is free vaccine/self-funded vaccine.

I strongly recommend that vaccine classification return to its essence and use the free vaccine/self-funded vaccine classification that can be seen by the public at a glance. Free vaccines can also be divided into: national free vaccines and local free vaccines (this concept corresponds to the national immunization program vaccine and other immunization programs vaccines in Article 36).

Viewpoint 5: Reward whistleblowers and avoid small evils from forming big evils.

Article 12 [Social Co-governance] Any organization or individual has the right to report illegal acts of vaccines, get information about vaccines from relevant departments according to law, and put forward opinions and suggestions on vaccine supervision and management.

This time, there was a serious violation of regulations in the production process of Changchun Changsheng vaccine. It is said that after an insider reported it, the flight inspection of the relevant state departments finally confirmed the problem. However, its violation has existed for four years, and it has not been discovered during this period.

In my opinion, China should establish a system of rewarding whistleblowers (also called whistleblower system), and use 10% of the fine to reward whistleblowers, and publicize the rewards, but protect their privacy. Only in this way can enterprises be conscientious, abide by all kinds of rules and regulations on thin ice, and avoid doing evil from the source. Or once there is a small evil, it will be reported by insiders to avoid a small evil like Changchun Changsheng to develop a big evil.

Although China’s traditional culture does not encourage reporting, it is through reporting that vicious incidents like Changchun Changsheng were discovered. If there is no reporting system, many corrupt officials and moths will always be at large. In my opinion, as long as it is beneficial to the public interest, the report of corporate evil should be explicitly encouraged by the government, and the way to encourage it is to reward it heavily.

Viewpoint 6: Publicize the details in batches and give full play to the advantages of big data governance (the most important viewpoint of this article).

Twenty-fifth [vaccine batch issuance] batch issuing institutions shall publish the results of vaccine batch issuance in a timely manner for public inquiry.

The publication of batch issuance is very, very, very critical. However, if we only publicize whether the vaccine has been issued in batches, it is a step in the same place and does not jump out of the thinking mode of piecemeal treatment.

In order to ensure the quality of the vaccine and realize the survival of the fittest, I strongly suggest that the detailed test report of the vaccine, that is, the test value of each index (as detailed as the routine blood report), be publicized.

At present, most vaccines in China can be issued in batches. However, the indicators of vaccines issued in batches are also good or bad, some just pass the exam, and some are excellent. Who doesn’t want to get a vaccine with excellent indicators and appropriate prices?

As long as the batch inspection report of each batch of vaccines can be publicized, we can use the big data of thousands of batches of vaccine inspection reports every year to score each vaccine product of each manufacturer based on a scoring system, and the results can be provided to the public through WeChat applet for free inquiry.

When parents take their children to vaccinate, it will be no longer difficult to choose vaccines of various brands. Just take out your mobile phone and check the score calmly, and then make the most rational choice in combination with its price. A vaccine product with no price advantage and the lowest score will only be eliminated if it does not strive to improve the quality and reduce the cost.

People who often fly will use Fei Changzhun’s mobile APP. Among them, there are the punctuality data of major airlines’ flights. If the prices are similar, then passengers will definitely choose to avoid flights with low punctuality, right?

Through thorough data disclosure, we can play the invisible hand of market economy and force vaccine manufacturers to regard vaccine quality as their lifeline. In the past, enterprises passively accepted supervision, but now enterprises actively improve vaccine quality and reduce production costs in order to survive, which naturally improves the overall vaccine quality level in China. The regulatory measures and penalties set in the vaccine law to ensure the quality of vaccines are extremely expensive and the effect is difficult to guarantee. Is it really necessary?

Issuing test reports in public does not need to increase the cost (the data is ready-made), but it can greatly improve the level of social governance and reduce management expenses, and can completely become a model of government governance.

I really can’t think of any reason why the government doesn’t publicize the approval of the test report.

Viewpoint 7: Expired vaccines can be recycled through medical waste disposal channels.

Article 39 [Vaccine Supply and Distribution] The holder of the vaccine marketing license shall supply vaccines to provincial disease prevention and control institutions in accordance with the provisions of the procurement contract, and shall not supply vaccines to other units or individuals.

The holder of the vaccine marketing license is responsible for distributing the vaccine to the provincial disease prevention and control institutions, which are responsible for distributing the vaccine to the inoculation units. Vaccine marketing license holders and provincial disease prevention and control institutions shall have the conditions for cold chain storage and transportation of vaccines, or entrust qualified distribution enterprises to distribute vaccines.

In the vaccine regulations, vaccine manufacturers can only supply vaccines at their own expense to county-level CDC (free vaccines are supplied to provincial CDC); In the vaccine law, vaccine manufacturers can only supply vaccines (including free vaccines and vaccines at their own expense) to provincial CDC.

I support this change, because it can make full use of the existing cold chain storage and distribution resources of provincial CDC and reduce the vaccine distribution cost of production enterprises.

However, a loophole that must be filled is that provincial CDC can not only entrust qualified enterprises to distribute vaccines, but also entrust them to store vaccines. All vaccine storage and distribution services are entrusted to enterprises, which provide one-stop service, which is convenient for supervision and can reduce the government’s investment in cold chain hardware for provincial CDC.

If this loophole is not filled, the provincial CDC will build a huge cold storage to store vaccines, and distribution companies often drive several huge refrigerated trucks to the CDC to extract vaccines, which brings inconvenience to the daily management of the CDC. Shanghai CDC has outsourced all storage and distribution services to qualified enterprises, so it is almost impossible and unnecessary to rebuild the cold storage.

It is mentioned in this clause that the provincial CDC is responsible for distributing the vaccine to the inoculation unit. Can the municipal CDC and the county CDC participate in this process? If they can’t participate, the cold chain equipment and managers of these two levels of vaccine storage and distribution will withdraw from the historical stage, which will have a great impact (especially the county-level CDC may have increased the investment in related software and hardware after 2016).

If only the provincial CDC can deliver the vaccine to the inoculation unit, does the provincial CDC have the ability to do it (especially in a vast area)? This must be investigated.

Viewpoint 8: The monitoring of vaccine transportation temperature should be based on science and should not encourage fraud.

Article 42 [Provisions on Vaccine Sales Records] … If the temperature monitoring records of this transportation process cannot be provided or the temperature control does not meet the requirements, it shall not be accepted or purchased …

This clause will make the temperature record of vaccine transportation untrue.

It is difficult to avoid the actual vaccine exceeding 8 degrees during transportation. If a temperature record of 10 degrees is monitored, must such a vaccine be rejected? Is it necessary to be so strict?

Scientifically unnecessary. At present, it has been confirmed that the vaccine can tolerate a certain degree of high temperature exposure, which is beyond the imagination of ordinary people. Continuous exposure at 37 degrees for 12 hours will not lead to unqualified quality of any existing vaccine. All vaccines have been tested for thermal stability before going on the market.

Therefore, although it is necessary to monitor the temperature of vaccine storage, transportation and transportation, vaccines should never be rejected because of one or two overtemperatures, which will only lead to a large number of qualified vaccines being scrapped and a tight supply of vaccines; Or it is caused by the falsification of temperature monitoring records, and all parties are tacitly aware.

I suggest that the state collect the data of vaccine thermal stability test from vaccine manufacturers and make it public. If the vaccine is over-temperature during storage and transportation, it can be compared with the published data to determine whether it needs to be rejected or scrapped.

Electronic temperature monitoring data is still important, which can be used to find out the out-of-control links during storage and transportation, and then improve the temperature control of these links, but it should not be used as the final basis for judging whether the vaccine is rejected/scrapped.

In addition to electronic temperature monitoring, there is a more intuitive solution, which is the vaccine temperature label (VVM) highly recommended by the World Health Organization and UNICEF. By sticking VVM on the vaccine package, the high temperature exposure of the vaccine in the whole circulation process can be recorded, and it can be recognized by users with intuitive colors.

In the picture below, the earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia caused the house of vaccination clinic to be damaged, and the vaccine refrigerator or cold storage was cut off for many days. However, because the vaccines are all affixed with VVM, it is judged by naked eyes that the purple depth of the center square of VVM of OPV exceeds the surrounding purple, and the vaccine must be scrapped. Although the VVM of the other five vaccines also changed color, they did not exceed the limit, and these vaccines can be used. BCG (BCG) was scrapped directly because it was not affixed with VVM.

I think that China should actively promote the use of vaccine VVM. At present, the cost of single chip of VVM is around 0.5 yuan, which is unacceptable for some vaccines. However, VVM can be attached to the packaging of vaccines, that is, every 10 vaccines are attached to the packaging box, and the cost of a single vaccine is only 0.05 yuan.

With VVM, it is possible to judge whether it is necessary to reject/scrap vaccines by looking at VVM in the process of vaccine delivery and handover. VVM can filter out most of the occasional temperature exceeding the standard, and electronic temperature monitoring records can present real records, which can promote us to find the weak links of temperature control and improve them.

With VVM, the recipients can also intuitively see the temperature exposure of the vaccine from production to inoculation on themselves, without consulting the complicated electronic temperature monitoring records, so as to make the recipients feel at ease to inoculate the vaccine.

Viewpoint 9: Expired vaccines can be recycled through medical waste disposal channels.

Article 43 [Destruction of Expired Vaccines] … Expired vaccines shall be uniformly registered and recovered by county-level disease prevention and control institutions …

For expired vaccines, management should be strengthened. However, the practice of recycling by county-level CDC seems professional, but it is the old road of closed management.

Any inoculation unit must be a medical institution, and medical institutions must implement the Regulations on the Management of Medical Wastes. Compared with various infectious wastes produced in clinic, expired vaccines are safer wastes. Expired vaccines can be treated in time through the medical waste disposal channels of medical institutions, and can be recycled by county-level CDC without hoarding.

It is impossible for county-level CDC to recycle expired vaccines in real time, and the expired vaccines of vaccination units must be hoarded for a period of time before being recycled. The possibility of misuse cannot be ruled out by hoarding expired vaccines, so seemingly professional regulations will increase the risk of misuse of expired vaccines.

It is suggested that this article be changed to: Expired vaccines should be handed over to the medical waste disposal channels of medical institutions for recycling in time and registered properly.

Viewpoint 10: The situation of vaccination units in the jurisdiction should be dynamically grasped and announced.

Article 48 [Conditions for Inoculation Units]　

It is suggested to add: each province should publicize the list of vaccination units (including unit name, address and contact number) on the website, and update it at least once every quarter.

Viewpoint 11: change the concept, not to complete the work, but to provide services.

Forty-ninth [vaccination responsibility area] vaccination units shall undertake the vaccination work of the national immunization program in the responsible area, and accept the technical guidance of the local disease prevention and control institutions and the supervision of the health administrative department.

The vaccination unit should undertake the vaccination of all vaccines, not just the national immunization program vaccine (that is, the national free vaccine). In addition, we should change our ideas and regard vaccination as a basic public health service for the public, so as to form a sense of serving people, instead of completing a cold job that must be completed by superiors.

It is suggested that this article be changed to: The vaccination unit shall provide vaccination services for the people in its jurisdiction and accept …

Viewpoint 12: It is the most appropriate for maternity hospitals to issue vaccination certificates.

Article 53 [Vaccination Certificate System] The State practices a vaccination certificate system for children. Within one month after the child is born, his guardian shall go to the vaccination unit where the child lives to undertake vaccination work to apply for a vaccination certificate for him.

The idea of applying for vaccination certificate after one month is quite outdated. There are several problems in this practice: first, the vaccination record is secondary registration, which is easy to make mistakes. Obstetric institutions are registered on specific documents, which are taken to the inoculation unit in the place of residence by parents and copied on the inoculation certificate; Second, the vaccination certificate is not the original vaccination record, and the legal evidence is not strong enough; Third, it is impossible to play the propaganda role of vaccination certificate.

At present, the hospital delivery rate of children in China is very high, and obstetric institutions are also officially recognized vaccination units. The BCG vaccine and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine vaccinated in obstetric institutions after birth should be registered on the vaccination certificate issued by obstetric institutions.

Shanghai, Hebei, Guangdong and other places have fully realized that maternity institutions have issued vaccination certificates and registered vaccines for newborns. There are a lot of knowledge and instructions on the vaccination certificate in Shanghai, which can be used as publicity materials to provide information for parents, rather than just recording vaccination information.

Viewpoint 13: Children who miss vaccination must be able to attend nursery school.

Article 54 [Inspection of Vaccination Certificate] When children are enrolled in kindergartens and schools, nursery institutions and schools should check the vaccination certificate. If children who have not been vaccinated according to the national immunization plan are found, they should report to the vaccination unit where the children live, and cooperate with the vaccination unit to urge their guardians to replant in the vaccination unit in time after the children are enrolled in kindergartens and schools, unless they cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons.

Many professionals and the public mistakenly believe that missed vaccines are not allowed to enter kindergarten. This article emphasizes that missed vaccines should be replanted after entering kindergarten, which is very good, but it is suggested to emphasize that children should not be restricted from entering kindergarten because of missed vaccines.

Viewpoint 14: Respect science and take public health as the first goal.

Article 90 [Punishment for Illegal Inoculation] If the inoculation personnel violate the vaccination norms during the inoculation process, causing serious consequences, the health administrative department at or above the county level shall give a warning or order them to suspend their practice activities for more than six months but less than one year; If the circumstances are serious, his practice certificate shall be revoked; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

The key to this clause is how to define the violation of [vaccination norms].

Vaccination norms include normative documents with different sources and authorities. Take influenza vaccination norms as an example:

Egg allergy is taboo in the instructions of most influenza vaccines, but the latest influenza vaccine guide document of China CDC points out that the 2015 edition of Pharmacopoeia has cancelled the taboo of egg allergy, and foreign studies have also proved that egg allergy is not a contraindication for influenza vaccine inoculation.

In other words, the taboo in the manual is set incorrectly. So, can the vaccination doctor vaccinate people who are allergic to eggs with flu vaccine?

At present, there are a large number of clauses with China characteristics lacking scientific basis in China’s vaccination standards. The general starting point of these clauses is to avoid getting into trouble for yourself, not to put public health first. If such vaccination norms are taken as the basis of punishment, it will lead to the tragedy in Dying to Survive.

Personally, I suggest that this excessively severe penalty be abolished. In reality, if there is a vaccination error or accident, the parties will be punished to some extent, and there is no need to increase the penalty.

Authors: Vaccine and Science, Tao Lina, a vaccine expert, a member of China Medical Media Alliance, and an author of er interesting science in medical education.

Disclaimer: My medical science is used to guide the public to establish a scientific understanding of health and avoid being misled by mistakes and rumors. The contents of popular science are personal opinions, for reference only, and have nothing to do with my employer. If my popular science content is wrong, please leave a message and tell me. I am very willing to verify and correct it. Some pictures are from the Internet. If your copyright is involved, please contact me to delete them.